Principles of Crop Protection PDF

Principles of Crop Protection AN INTRODUCTION World Population and Supply  A. World Population and Supply According to researchers: As world population increases, the demand for food will grow. Leads to greater chances of food crises (especially for nations whe...

Principles of Crop Protection AN INTRODUCTION World Population and Supply  A. World Population and Supply According to researchers: As world population increases, the demand for food will grow. Leads to greater chances of food crises (especially for nations where land and water resource are scarce) Therefore, food security strongly relies on imports.  Food security - is the availability of and access to a sufficient amount of food to meet the requirements of human societies at all places and all times. 25,000 years ago – 3M world population 10,000 years ago – 5M world population 2015 – 7.3 B 2050 – 9.7 B *(Growth concentrated in poor countries)  Philippines: 2016 – 102 M - agricultural production areas decreases ✓ Land conversion ✓ Soil degradation - pollution - Erosion -unsustainable agric. practices Role of Crop Production in Increasing Food Supply  B. Role of Crop Production in Increasing Food Supply Promotes enough food and insure against hunger. Prevent agricultural losses (yield, capital, time, effort, quality of produce etc.) Technology helps to prevent food-deficit among nations so that people eat adequately. DEFINITION OF PEST  C. Definition of PEST PEST - living organism causing economic damage or negative impact to us and our resources (animals, and etc.) - are species whose existence conflicts with people’s profit, convenience or welfare. - includes insects, nematodes, bacteria, fungi, weeds, birds, rodents, or any terrestrial or aquatic plant, or animal life.  Classification of Pest: 1. Based on Origin a. Exotic Pest – introduced outside the country. b. Endemic Pest – local pests. 2. Based on abundance/number a. Key or Major Pest - usually exotic pest - are always present in the field every season - causes economic damage - eg. Diamond back moth, Leafhoppers, beetles b. Potential/Minor Pest - Endemic pest - always found at the field at a low population. - do not cause economic damage and can be controlled by natural enemies. -eg. Rice skippers c. Occasional Pest - are strong fliers - migrate from one place to another. - usually came after a long drought. - eg. Locust *Storage Pest : Classification According to Number 1. Major Insect Pest – found frequently on abundance or in great number. 2. Minor Insect Pest – usually encountered in small number. 3. Based on Feeding Habit: 1. Phytophagous insects - herbivores - feed on living plants Leaf feeders Leaf miners Stem and root borers Root feeders – root grubs, mole crickets Gall makers – gall wasps Sap feeders – lea)oppers, bugs, aphids 2. Saprophagous - feed on dead organic matter General scavenger – cockroaches Dung feeders – Scarabeid beetles 3. Mycetophagous - feed on fungus Fungus feeder – mycetophagid beetles 4. Zoophagous - Carnivorous - PARASITES – lives on other animals Living on warm-blooded animal – sucking lice Living on other insects Blood feeders – mosquitos - PREDATORS – prey on other insects - ladybird beetles, water striders  Prevention and Control of Pests: 1. Physical - Hand picking, traps, fencing, shooting rodents with gun. 2. Cultural control - farm practices such as crop rotation, regular weeding, proper harvesting. 3. Biological control - the use of natural enemies. 4. Chemical control – the use of chemicals with pests. ✓ Pesticides ✓ Insecticides ✓ Rodenticides ✓ Avicides ✓ Nematicides ✓ Herbicides  D. Economic Importance of Pests 1. Insect pests destroy crops in the field through their biting, chewing, boring, sucking, and defoliation activities. 2. They cause reduction in the viability of stored produce. 3. Site of injuries by insects may predispose crops to disease attack. 4. Increase the cost of production during the course of controlling them. 5. Render vegetables and fruits unattractive and unmarketable. 6. Some are carriers or vectors of diseases. 7. The profits of farmers are reduced. 8. Reduce quality of produce either in the same store or in the field. 9. They generally, reduce the yield of crops 10. They can also cause total death of crop plants. E. DisciplinesInvolved in Crop Protection  Biologists - works on pest organisms such as insects, diseases, nematodes and weeds are required for identifying pest species, and understanding their population dynamics and the natural factors that influence their abundance.  Agronomists - involved in determining the impact that pest attack has on the yield and quality of crops and the role of plant tolerance and compensation in ameliorating the damage caused by pests.  Chemists and engineers - are required to develop new pesticides and bio-pesticides and to design pesticide application technologies that effectively deliver the pesticide to the target pest.  Genetic engineers - are increasingly involved in developing molecular identification techniques and genetically modified crops that have in-built resistance to pest attack  Information Technology and communication experts - are involved in developing on-line identification aids and providing new communication technologies  Social scientists, including economists and sociologists - investigate the various on-farm and off-farm factors that affect the feasibility and economic outcomes of crop protection strategies, including the information, training and political opportunities and constraints to improved plant protection. Thank you ! ☺ - End of Unit 1 -