Introduction To Zoology - University Of Makati

UMak Vision University of Makati shall be a premier globally recognized local university where integrated and sustainable quality education translates to social equity and excellence. UMak Mission To develop resilient, innovative, socially-responsible and excellent industr...

UMak Vision University of Makati shall be a premier globally recognized local university where integrated and sustainable quality education translates to social equity and excellence. UMak Mission To develop resilient, innovative, socially-responsible and excellent industry-ready practitioners and leaders through instruction, research, extension and production; and nurture highly competent and committed human resources. Grading System S e m e s t r a l G r a d e Midterm Grade – 50% Pre-Final Grade – 50% Grading System (Lecture and Laboratory) Quizzes – 30% Seatwork Assignment – 40% Project Exam – 30% Grading System (Lecture and Laboratory) Quizzes – 30% Seatwork Assignment – 40% Project Exam – 30% Reminders Lecture - Quizzes, Chapter exam - Written output (assignment/seatwork) - Class participation (group/individual) Laboratory - Practical exam - Written output (laboratory reports) - Lab performance (dissection) - Class participation Reminders Attendance - 3x tardiness = 1 absent - Provide an excuse letter if you will be absent for our class (school events, personal, emergency). Reminders Subject Description is an introduction to animal science. It deals with the general concepts and principles of animal biology. It starts with the characteristics of all living things since animals like other organisms possess certain qualifications to be considered as living things. Subject Description All organisms are classified and belong to certain groupings including animals. This is further discussed in the 5-kingdom classification scheme where a sole kingdom is designated for animals, Kingdom Animalia with its taxa. Subject Description The is discussed as typical representative animals to establish basic concepts of organs and structures with their functions. These are organized into special systems for carrying for carrying on essential life processes – digestion, respiration, excretion and circulation; and the more general phases of animal existence – reproduction, heredity, distribution and evolution. Course Objectives: After completing this course, STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO: Recognize the general manifestations of life to distinguished living and non-living things. Classify the different kingdoms where living things belong focusing on their common characteristics. Course Objectives: Enumerate the reasons why frog is the best specimen in General Zoology. Create a scientific model of living thing based on its microscopic components – cell and tissue. Perform dissection of frog correctly guided by the procedures in provided learning materials and by the oral instruction by the professor. Course Objectives: Mount the specimen’s skin giving emphasis to its external structures. Group organs together according to the system they belong. Describe and illustrate the metabolic process occurring in the main organ of the system. Course Objectives: Explain how organs and systems are working together for the continuous existence of life exemplified by the representative organism. In general, what anatomical and physiological similarities or differences exist between frogs and humans? Science is a systematize body of knowledge acquire through scientific process. is a scientific inquiry to answer questions about nature that involves processes of investigation and discovery. Division of Science Biological Science Also known as that came from two Greek words; “bios” meaning life and “logos” meaning scientific study. Zoology Greek - 'zoion' means "animal" and; - 'logia' means "to study“ also known as animal science is the branch of biology devoted to the study of animal life. is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, and how they interact with their ecosystems. Characteristics of Organisms Characteristics of Organisms Characteristics of Organisms All organisms exist because of life processes called metabolic processes. Metabolism is the sum total of all biological, physiological or chemical processes occurring inside the body of an organism to maintain living, such as respiration, digestion, excretion and others. All of these processes require energy which the mitochondria supply in the form of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). Characteristics of Organisms Anabolism – building-up phase Catabolism – breaking-down phase Characteristics of Organisms All organisms grow. Growth is the increase in height, size and weight through cell division and cell enlargement. Cell division is the orderly formation of new cells from a parent cell. Cell enlargement is the increase in cell size. In multicellular organism, together they result in growth. Characteristics of Organisms Characteristics of Organisms All mature organisms have developed body structures. It is a process by which a zygote becomes a mature individual. Example: The development of egg into a butterfly. Characteristics of Organisms Characteristics of Organisms All organisms have the ability to reproduce. It is essential for the continuity of life, because no organism lives forever. Reproduction can either be asexual or sexual. Characteristics of Organisms Characteristics of Organisms All organisms have units of information packaged in their cells, termed as genetic material (DNA) that directs organization, metabolism, adaptation, reproduction, and all life processes. The genetic material is transmitted from generation to generation preserving the traits of the species, and changes in this material make evolutionary changes possible for the creation of new species. Characteristics of Organisms Characteristics of Organisms All organisms require to maintain a steady state. Mechanism of homeostasis enable organisms to regulate their internal environment, despite of changes in their external environment. The ability of mammals and birds to regulate body temperature is an example of homeostasis. Panting is cooling mechanism. Characteristics of Organisms Characteristics of Organisms All organisms respond to the environment. A response is a simple reaction to stimulus. If a lion charges a gazelle, the gazelle may respond by running away. A complex set of responses is called behavior. Characteristics of Organisms Organisms have adaptations. These adaptations are traits that give an organism an advantage in changing environment. Taxonomy and Classification Known as the science of identifying, classifying, and naming organisms. Taxonomists also make inferences about the evolutionary relationships among species. Aristotle was the Greek philosopher who classified living things as either plants or animals 2,000 years ago. Taxonomy and Classification 1.5 million different species of life have been described 13,000 new species are discovered or classified Most scientists estimate that there are at least 50 to 100 million actual species sharing our planet today Some species remain unknown forever Taxonomy and Classification How to classify an organism? Form Color Size Chemical Structure Genetic Makeup Anatomical and Physiological similarities Molecular similarities – (proteins, DNA, genes) History of Taxonomy the first to name and classify organisms based on structural similarities described about 520 species of animals, especially around Greece He believed a name should reflect hidden reality or essence used phrases or single words to name organisms Father of Zoology History of Taxonomy classified plants into herbs, shrubs, and trees After the invention of the printing press in 1400s, “Herbals” (Historia Plantarum) were printed. They emphasized plants with medicinal uses. History of Taxonomy He is a Swedish botanist who developed and published the first comprehensive and consistent classification system for both plants and animals. categorized and classified about 8,000 different plants and 10,000 animals. History of Taxonomy Species Plantarum (1753) - described and classified all plants known in his time which was 7,300 species. Systema Naturae (1758) - described and classified animals. Father of Taxonomy History of Taxonomy Linnaeus’ method in naming and organizing species: ✓ emphasized on the morphological characteristics ✓ given each species a unique scientific name ✓ while some species can have the same common name, each organism has only one binomial name History of Taxonomy Linnaeus’ method in naming and organizing species: ✓ The unique scientific name is a binomial. The binomial name consists of Genus plus species epithet (scientific name). Before, species consisted of up to twelve words. Most names are descriptive, Latin or Greek forms and often to honor someone. Classification Scheme DOMAIN Highest Taxonomic Rank KINGDOM Similar phyla PHYLUM Similar classes CLASS Similar order ORDER Similar families FAMILY Similar genera GENUS Similar species into larger groups Structurally similar organisms. SPECIES Basic unit of classification. Biological Species Concept ✓Species - a group of organisms capable of interbreeding. - a group of organisms that share common characteristics. - the organism that is described and named. Biological Species Concept ✓Phylogeny - is the evolutionary history or relationships of organisms based on phenotypic similarities and differences. Classification Scheme DOMAIN (by Carl R. Woose) ✓is the highest taxonomic rank in the hierarchical biological classification system ✓ 3 domains: ARCHEA (prokaryotic cells), BACTERIA (prokaryotic cells), and EUKARYA (eukaryotic cells) Group Activity no. 1 (Lecture) Complete the Table below: MONERA / FUNGI / PLANTAE / Kingdom PROTISTA / ANIMALIA Type of Cell(s) No. of Cell(s) Mode of Nutrition Habitat Reproduction Example(s) Include the classification scheme or taxa.