Basic Human Anatomy PDF

Introduction to … BASIC HUMAN ANATOMY Sri-arun Iamjan, Ph.D. Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University Contact: [email protected], MS501 INTRODUCTION TO BASIC HUMAN ANATOMY OBJECTIVES…… Outl...

Introduction to … BASIC HUMAN ANATOMY Sri-arun Iamjan, Ph.D. Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University Contact: [email protected], MS501 INTRODUCTION TO BASIC HUMAN ANATOMY OBJECTIVES…… Outline…... ๑.) to know anatomical position, body 1.) anatomical term plane, location and direction in anatomy 2.) anatomical position ๒.) to know cavity of the body 3.) body plain, direction , cavity ๓. ) to know anatomical term for each part 4.) body part of human body 5.) term of movement ๔.) to know term of movement WHAT IS ANATOMY? Anatomy = Ana (apart) + tomy (cutting) ▪ Subjects in anatomical study 1. Human Gross anatomy and basic anatomy 2. Human microanatomy or histology 3. Human embryology 4. Human neuroanatomy 1. ANATOMICAL POSITION Standard anatomical position: “Human standing Looking forward Feet together and pointing forward (toes forward) Folkens & White, 2005 Upper limbs are held out to each side, palms of the hands face forward” https://quizlet.com/326649941/anatomical-position-diagram/ https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/1-6-anatomical-terminology/  3. Horizontal/Transverse plane 2. BODY PLANE * superior and inferior parts 2 longitudinal planes + 1 transverse plane 1. Sagittal plane (vertical plane) * left and right parts 1.1 Midsagittal plane/median plane (*equal) 1.2 Parasagittal plane (*non equal) 2. Coronal plane (frontal plane) * anterior and posterior parts https://parallelcoaching.co.uk/what-are-the-three-anatomical-planes-of-movement  3. Terms of direction ❖This is to explain locations and relationships of organs correctly. Anterior ------------ Posterior Ventral ------------ Dorsal Superior ------------ Inferior Proximal ------------ Distal Cranial (rostral) ------------ Caudal Internal ------------ External Central ------------- Peripheral median Medial ------------- Lateral Intermediate Superficial ………………… Deep (profunda/profundus) Ipsilateral –---------------- contralateral  4. BODY CAVITY = 4 MAIN CAVITIES 1. Ventral cavity 2. Dorsal cavity 2.1 Cranial cavity 2.2 Vertebral column/spinal cavity 1.1 Thoracic cavity (pleural cavity) Brain & meninges spinal cord & meninges Lungs in pleural cavities Heart in mediastinum 1.2 Abdominopelvic cavity Abdomen – liver & gall bladder, stomach, pancreas, spleen, small & large intestine, kidneys, adrenal glands Pelvis –urinary bladder, male or female reproductive organs (ovary, oviduct, uterus, vagina, rectum) https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/1-6-anatomical-terminology  4. BODY CAVITY = 4 MAIN CAVITIES 1. Ventral cavity 2. Dorsal cavity 2.1 Cranial cavity 1.1 Thoracic cavity (pleural cavity) 1.2 Abdominopelvic cavity Foramen Diaphragm magnum 2.2 Vertebral column /spinal cavity https://www.aliexpress.com/item/32898810493.html https://www.anatomicalresearch.org/post/2017/09/26/opening-the-thoracic-cavity 5. PARTS OF HUMAN BODY : HEAD & NECK (ที่มา https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/1-6-anatomical-terminology/ Note: (-) is adjective, out of (-) is noun 5. PARTS OF HUMAN BODY : TRUNK (BODY) 5. PARTS OF HUMAN BODY: UPPER LIMB https://wellnessadvocate.com/?dgl=2728 5. PARTS OF HUMAN BODY: LOWER LIMB 5. PARTS OF HUMAN BODY Anterior view Posterior view (ที่มา https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/1-6-anatomical-terminology/  6. TERM OF MOVEMENT 6.1 Abduction & Adduction => Move away from midline/body & move toward the midline/body @policis @Fingers https://sites.google.com/site/kinematechshand/home/motion-analysis-tools- kinematechs/hand-motion- analyzer?tmpl=%2Fsystem%2Fapp%2Ftemplates%2Fprint%2F&showPrintDialo g=1 @shoulder https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Example-of-primitive-motion-types-a- pronation-supination-at-forearm-b_fig1_282700667 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Finger-motion-flexion-extension- https://www.machinedesign.com/markets/medical/article/21831782/whats-the- abduction-adduction-and-circumduction_fig1_316249751 6. TERM OF MOVEMENT 6.2 Flextion & extension move & make angle of joint decrease = flexion Move & make angle of joint increase = extension Finger extension & flexion 6. TERM OF MOVEMENT Flexion at ankle joint ❖ Dorsi flexion ❖ Plantar flexion  6. TERM OF MOVEMENT 6.3 Medial & lateral rotation Medial rotation = internal rotation Rotation can occur within the vertebral column, at a Lateral rotation = external rotation pivot joint, or at a ball-and-socket joint i.e. > head, neck, body, atlantoaxial joint, shoulder joint, hip joint https://www.crossfit.com/essentials/movement-about-joints-part-3-wrist http://www.elsevier-data.de/SobottaBlue/tables/23.htm https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-ap1/chapter/types-of-body-movements/ 6. TERM OF MOVEMENT 6.4 Circumduction 6.5 Inversion & Eversion 6.6 Pronation & supination Move surface of plantar of foot to the midline Move surface of plantar of foot out of the midline https://healthjade.com/pronation-and-supination/ https://healthjade.com/pronation-and-supination/ 6. TERM OF MOVEMENT 6.7 Depression & elevation elevation Downward and upward movements of the scapula (shoulder) or mandible Depression Mandible: Depression: opens the mouth Elevation : closes the mouth https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=EvB2U0R6&id=0D4E2A4E79F5E332D395A2F124B9108066D2BC22&thid=OIP.EvB2U0R6- PF5_l4bhowg2wHaCC&mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.crossfit.com%2fwp-content%2fuploads%2f2019%2f03%2f04154433%2f2-Fig-shoulder- elevation_depression.png&exph=700&expw=2550&q=depression+and+elevation+of+scapular&simid=608010245946410730&selectedIndex=7&ajaxhist=0 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-ap1/chapter/types-of-body-movements/  6.9 Opposition & reposition; thumb 6. TERM OF MOVEMENT Opposition: Brings the tip of the thumb to contact with the tip of the fingers of the same hand 6.8 Protraction & retraction Reposition : reverse opposition i.e. Brings the thumb back next to the index finger. 1. Anterior-posterior movements of the scapula /or mandible 2. Mandible: Protraction: lower jaw is pushed forward, to stick out the chin Retraction: pulls the lower jaw backward https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-ap1/chapter/types-of-body-movements/ HUMAN BODY SYSTEM : FORMING OF HUMAN BODY 1. Cell = smallest unit of life that be able to function i.e. muscle cell, blood cell, nerve cells … Many similar cells together form 2. Tissue = groups of similar cells that work together on a specific task Equal or more than 2 tissues together form muscular epithelial 3. Organ = structures made up of two or more Nervous Connective tissues organized to carry out a particular function Many organs comes & works the same function 4. System = groups of organs with related functions & make up many different organ systems https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-body- structure-and-homeostasis/a/tissues-organs-organ-systems FORMING OF HUMAN BODY https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-body-structure-and-homeostasis/a/tissues-organs-organ-systems 1. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Functions; ❖cover the body, water barrier ❖Protection body from injury, bacteria or any microorganism Skin : 1. Thick skin 2. Thin skin 1. Epidermis 2. Dermis 3. Hypodermis Skin derivatives Hairs Nail Glands: sweat gland sebaceous gland 2. SKELETAL (BONE) SYSTEM Functions: ❖ Framework of human body ❖ Support body movement Contents: Bone, cartilage, joint 1. Axial bone Bone = 206 pieces 2. Appendicular bone 1.1 Skull 2.1 Upper limb 1.2 Trunk 2.2 Lower limb 3. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Functions ❖ Support framework of human body ❖ Movement of body ❖ Body posture (position) Muscles; 3 types ❑ Smooth muscle ❑ Cardiac muscle ❑ Skeletal (striated) muscle --- involuntary control --- voluntary control https://fitnessgenes.com/blog/vascular-smooth-muscle-contraction/ 3. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Muscles Axial muscles Appendicular muscles - Muscles at - Upper limb - face, - Lower limb - cervical, - thoracic, - abdomen, - back - pelvis  3. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Name of muscle; based on shape size, location, action, muscle fiber arrangement, origin and insertion Shape Examples : Trapezius m. Size, location : gluteus maximus m. Action : Levator scapulae m. Muscle fiber arrangement : rectus abdominis m. : transverse abdominis m. Origin & insertion : sternocleidomastoid m.  4. NERVOUS SYSTEM MAIN "PROCESSING CENTRE" FOR THE ENTIRE NERVOUS SYSTEM, CONTROL ALL THE WORKINGS OF BODY LEARNING, MEMORY AND BEHAVIOR PROCESS COMPRISE OF BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD Nervous system Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system http://tattwo-pe3.blogspot.com/2012/01/central-nervous-system-cns.html Cranial nerve, spinal nerve, ganglion Brain Spinal cord  5. SPECIAL SENSORY SYSTEM https://www.guam.net/pub/sshs/depart/science/mancuso/apbi olecture/28_Sensory/SensorySystems.htm https://c8.alamy.com/comp/G15776/illustration-depicting-the-anatomy-of- taste-at-left-is-an-image-of-G15776.jpg https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=MqnepdeB&id=B76C9A4D9D0A6CAA2352DDACC221A6DA41CA3990&thid=OIP.MqnepdeBYRd1CS qdmKJ9DAHaEK&mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2fi.ytimg.com%2fvi%2f0ikzYaBDDSs%2fmaxresdefault.jpg&exph=720&expw=1280&q=anatomy+of+smell&simid=60 7998744055581152&selectedIndex=1&ajaxhist=0 https://www.pinterest.at/pin/273875221069835707/ 5. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Heart + coronary vessels http://bodysystemrams215.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-circulatory-system.html 5. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Blood vessels of the body Upper part of the body ❖Branches of arch of aorta - Brachiocephalic trunk (head, neck, brain and upper limb for right side) - common carotid a. → head, neck, brain - subclavian a. → upper limb Lower part of the body ❖Descending aorta celiac trunk, superior mesenteric a., renal a. Gonadal a., inferior mesenteric a., at abdomen common iliac a., internal & external iliac a. for peroneal & lower limb https://www.hiclipart.com/free-transparent-background-png-clipart-ogcni 6. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Breathing in order to deliver O2 to the body and to remove CO2 from the body (gas exchanged system) Nose pharynx larynx Secondary bronchi, Tertiary bronchi, trachea Bronchioles, Terminal bronchiole, Primary bronchus Respiratory bronchiole, Alveolar duct, Lung Alveolar sac, Alveoli 8. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM http://humananatomy2013.weebly.com/digestive-system.html  7. URINARY SYSTEM https://www.yourdictionary.com/urinary-system https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65775/figure/CDR0000304478__224/ 9. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM https://www.pinterest.com/pin/621144973580621476/ https://www.britannica.com/science/human-reproductive-system 9. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM https://www.britannica.com/science/human-reproductive-system https://www.pinterest.de/pin/597078863076929961/  10. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Functions of hormones - Growth, maturation - Metamorphosis (differentiation) - Homeostasis of the body (control internal environment of the body) - Control cellular respiration , cellular growth - Human behavioral pattern 1. Pituitary gland or hypophysis & hypothalamus 2. Pineal gland 3. Thyroid gland 4. Parathyroid gland endocrine glands secretes hormone 5. Thymus gland and carries to target organs 6. Adrenal gland (peripheral organ) via bloodstream 7. Islet of Langerhans of pancreas specific target + specific response 8. Ovary and testis  INTEGUMENT SYSTEM Sri-arun Iamjan, Ph.D. Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University Contact: [email protected], MS501  OBJECTIVE & OUTLINE OBJECTIVES…… 1.) To know structures and understand functions of skin 2.) To know structures of skin derivatives; hair, nail, glands (sebaceous & sweat glands) Outline…... Skin – functions - types of skin - layers of skin - cells Hair---nail – skin glands Integumentary system The largest & heaviest organ of the body Skin functions (average weight 15% total body, 2 m2 surface area) 1. cover the body 2. protection (injury, bacteria or any microorganism) Two components 3. water barrier --- skin 4. body temperature regulation --- epidermal derivatives (hair, nail, glands 5. UV absorption for vitamin D synthesis i.e. sweat, sebaceous, ceruminous glands) 6. sensory organ (touch, pain, temperature) 7. excretion 8. melanin production 9. sexual signaling Skin-type of skin Skin type ---- 1. Thick skin 2. Thin skin Palm of hand, Sole of feet General area remaining from the body There are 5 layers for epidermis There are only 4 layers of epidermis (no stratum lucidum) Contains only sweat gland Contains hair follicle, erector pili muscle, sebaceous and sweat glands https://www.dinemagazine.com/beautiful-skin-breakthrough/ https://www.scienceabc.com/humans/why-do-we-have-lines-on-our-palms.html https://hannahlondon.com/body-skin-peels-and-microneedling/  Skin- layer of skin Skin layer ---- outer to inner 4 or 5 layers EPITHELIUM OF SKIN 1 ***KERATINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM 2 2 layers THIS EPITHELIUM CAN BE DIVIDED INTO 5 LAYERS BASED ON DEVELOPMENT OF 3 1 layer KERATINOCYTES https://marthalhyde.wordpress.com/2011/05/20/what-is-the-hypodermis/  *Note; Skin –epidermis 4 layers for thin skin 5 layers for thick skin 5 layers of epidermis 1. stratum corneum (oldest) - cornified cell - uppermost and most thickness layer - contains dead keratinocytes - become scurf 2. stratum lucidum (clear cell) * - under stratum corneum - contain keratinocytes with no nucleus (death cells) - clear area, clear cells - found only in thick skin, not thin* http://medicinembbs.blogspot.com/2010/12/layers-of-epidermisskin.html  Skin –epidermis 3. Stratum granulosum (granule cell layer) - thin layer of granule cell, dark line /dark area - cell contain keratohyalin granule (granule cell pigment) 4. Stratum spinosum (spinous cell) (most thickness of thin skin) - spine shaped cells (flatted polygonal shape) = keratinocytes (living cells) - spine = intercellular bridge (connect between cells) - found Langerhan’s cell 5. Stratum basale (S. germinativum, basal cell) - Stem cell layer, (mitosis division), Only 1 layer of keratinocytes Keratinocytes - Found melanocytes , Markel cell Melanocyte - epidermal ridge – unique pattern (finger print) http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/integumentary/integum.htm SKIN – EPIDERMIS Epidermal ridge https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Integumentary_System_-_Histology Skin – cells in epidermis 1. Keratinocyte (90%) -many shapes based on layer - keratin protein (waterproof) (prevention water losing) - keratinocytes at 2 upper layers have no nucleus and cytoplasm (death cells) 1 2. Melanocyte (5%) - melanin pigment production cell found in stratum basale 3 - skin colour, UV protection & filter s. spinosum 2 s. basale 4 http://medicinembbs.blogspot.com/2010/12/layers-of-epidermisskin.html Skin – cells in epidermis 3. Langerhans cell (2-4%) - immune response and phagocytosis - peripheral dendritic cell with kidney shape nucleus - found in upper area of stratum spinosum 4. Markel cell - At stratum basale - Cell is clearer cytoplasm + irregular nucleus - Tactile mechanoreceptor - Found granule (neurotransmitter)  Skin – 2. Dermis DEEPER THAN STRATUM BASALE OF EPIDERMIS THICKER THAN EPIDERMIS ESPECIALLY IN THICK SKIN, BUT THINNER IN EYELIDS &PENIS Dermis 1. Papillary layer 2. Reticular layer (small upper part) (large lower part) - Loose connective tissue with - Dense irregular connective tissue 2 collagen and elastic fiber with high density of collagen - Many capillary fiber with some elastic fiber - **dermal papilla (finger print) - Hair follicle, arrector pili m. - **Meissner’s corpuscle - sebaceous and sweat gland (2 points discrimination) - **Pacinian corpuscle (pressure)  Skin –Dermis (layer of dermis) Epidermal ridge Dermal papilla Skin – Dermis Skin –3. hypodermis (subcutaneous) **Subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia (gross) -Deep to dermis, (it is not part of skin) -Loose connective tissue with high adipose tissue (adipocytes) -Abundant blood supply (promotes uptake of insulin or drug injection) -Able to find hair follicle, Sweat gland, Pacinian corpuscle Adipose tissue Hypodermis  TEST YOURSELF A structure function in gross touch reception at skin is…………… SKIN DERIVATIVES 1. Hair 2. Nail 3. Skin glands 3.1 sebaceous gland 3.2 sweat gland 3.3 ceruminous gland  1. Hair ❖ Filamentous (elongated keratinized) structure which form within hair follicle (epidermal invagination ❖ General area of skin except palms, soles, lips, glans penis, clitoris, and labia minora Functions; Thermoregulation, protect eye and nose from external substance, protect scalp from UV and mechanical trauma Variation; Size, shape, color , texture depend on age, genetic background and region of body  HAIR STRUCTURE 2. hair root (under skin surface) Main parts ; ***Hair follicle 1. hair shaft (upper skin) -glassy membrane -external root sheath -internal root sheath -cuticle, cortex & medulla -hair bulb -hair matrix https://slideplayer.com/slide/8102833/ -dermal papilla/ hair papilla https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/hair/ HAIR STRUCTURE (CONT.) In thick hair, both hair root and hair shaft have 3 layers of … -Inner medulla (found only in thick hair) vacuolated, moderated keratinized cells soft keratin may contain melanin -Middle cortex** most important made up from heavily cellskeratinized densely packed hard keratin -Outer cuticle keratinocyte with melanin (hair color) thin or 1 layer of heavily keratinized squamous strength of hair cells covering the cortex main component of hair protect the cortex  HAIR FOLLICLE 1. Hair bulb -involve in growing of hair follicle 2. Dermal papilla/ hair papilla -contains capillary network which is needed for https://schoolworkhelper.net/histology-labelled-slides/hair-slide-labelled-histology/ sustain hair follicle 4. Epithelial root sheath; outermost cells of hair bulb which comprises 2 layers of 3. Hair matrix (germ cell) 4.1 internal root sheath -keratinocyte form stratum basale of epidermis -act as matrix of the elongating hair root 4.2 external root sheath -keratinization, melanin accumulation from melanocyte, - cover internal root sheath and extends all the way to terminal differentiate to form the hair epidermis -Melanocyte (melanin pigment) 5. Glassy membrane - separating hair follicle from dermis Long & short sections of hair follicle Hair bulb Glassy membrane Hair matrix Outer root sheath Inner root sheath Dermal papila Associated structures of hair follicle https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/hair/ 1. sebaceous gland 2. arrector pili muscle oil or sebum secretion and has the opening to the hair follicle small bundle of smooth muscle cell  2. Nail Nail fold Hard plate of keratin on the dorsal surface of each distal phalanx Structures in nail; Nail groove 1. Nail root 2. Eponychium (cuticle) - proximal part of nail plate which - only stratum corneum of epidermis extends Hyponychiu comes from nail matrix as the cuticle - covered by fold of skin called - cover nail root eponychium 3. Nail plate (body of nail) 4. Nail bed - visible compartment of nail - area under nail plate - pale pink color (from circulation - contains only stratum basale & spinosum of capillaries under nail plate) of epidermis - lies on top of epidermal nail bed  Nail (cont.) Nail fold 5. Nail matrix -actively dividing cells which move distally and become keratinized in a process of nail formation, but no keratohyaline granule -nail growing occurs at this nail matrix , (0.5 mm a month) Nail groove 6. Hyponychium -epidermal fold (accumulation of stratum corneum) 8. Nail groove Hyponychium -under free edge of nail - groove between nail fold & nail bed -attach distal end of nail plate to nail bed (distal end of nail plate bound to epidermis) 9. Lunula - half-moon shaped region of proximal nail 7. Nail fold - non translucent because it is part of opaque nail matrix - skin fold surrounding nail plate & immature nail plate below 3. Skin glands 1. Sebaceous gland sebum (oil) secretion puberty; influent by sex hormone (testosterone, ovarian & adrenal androgen) 2. Eccrine sweat gland most common in face, forehead, Sweat secretion & scalp (not found in palm and sole) Temperature regulation 2. Apocrine sweat gland http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/gland Skin glands; 1. Sebaceous gland SIMPLE BRANCH ACINA HALOCLINE GLAND AT group of secretory cells (acini) ; lipid RETICULAR LAYER OF DERMIS droplet (clear) https://kids.kiddle.co/Sebaceous_gland Skin glands; 2. sweat gland Simple coiled tubular gland most common in & small lumen subcutaneous layer Secretory product = clear axilla, pubic region, solution areolar & rectal opening Widely distributed at area reticular layer of dermis in Secretary product = more general skin and most in sticky solution (contain forehead, palm and sole, protein rich product) and except lips, glans penis, smell when mix with clitoris, labia minora bacteria Start function since birth start completed function at puberty http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/apocrine1.htm  TEST YOURSELF The ………………gland produces sebum to moisture the skin References 1. Anthony L. Mescher. (2016) Junqueira’s basic histology text and atlas. (14th Ed.). United State of America: Mc Graw Hill Education 2. Abraham L. Kireszenbaum, Laula L. Tres. (2012). Histology and cell biology: an introduction for pathology (3rd Ed.). United State of America: ELSEVIER Saunders 3. คณาจารย์ภาควิชากายวิภาคศาสตร์ คณะวิทยาศาสตร์การแพทย์ มหาวิทยาลัยนเรศวร. (2555) Human Microscopic Anatomy. (1st Ed.). พิษณุโลก: โรงพิมพ์ พิมพ์ถูก 4. คณาจารย์ภาควิชากายวิภาคศาสตร์ คณะวิทยาศาสตร์การแพทย์ มหาวิทยาลัยนเรศวร. (2547). เอกสารประกอบการสอน Basic Anatomy. พิษณุโลก: มหาวิทยาลัย นเรศวร 5. คณาจารย์กลุ่มวิชากายวิภาคศาสตร์ สาขาชีวเวชศาสตร์ คณะสหเวชศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยบูรพา. (2558). ปฏิบัติการจุลกายวิภาคศาสตร์ของมนุษย์ 6. http://www.histologyguide.com/slidebox/11-skin.html 7. https://cmconnect.cmcc.edu/ICS/icsfs/Chapter_5_PowerPoint_Slides_PDF.pdf?target=d16776cc-978c-4009-81ad-eaf069cd23aa 8. Saladin, KS (2010). Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Ceruminous Glands, p. 204 (220). ISBN 978-0-39-099995-5. 9. 9. https://www1.udel.edu/biology/Wags/histopage/colorpage/cin/cin.htm