Human Anatomy and Physiology PDF

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY – is the study of structure and relationships between body parts. ANA – means “UP” TOMY – mean “CUT” PHYSIOLOGY – is the study of the functions of body parts and the body as a whole/ study of the function of...

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY – is the study of structure and relationships between body parts. ANA – means “UP” TOMY – mean “CUT” PHYSIOLOGY – is the study of the functions of body parts and the body as a whole/ study of the function of body parts in mechanical, physical and biochemical. PHYSI – means “NATURE” OLOGY – means “STUDY” Organism Functions – organization, responsiveness, growth and Differentiation, reproduction, movement, metabolism and Excretion. LEVELS OF ORGANISM IN THE HUMAN BODY: 1. Atom – Basic component of matter 2. Molecule – Combination of atom 3. Macromolecule - 4. Organelle - 5. Cell – basic unit of life (derived from atoms to molecules) 6. Tissue – Combination of cells 7. Organ – tissues combining 8. Organ System – Organs join 9. Organism or Human Body – a combination of systems ANATOMICAL POSITION: 1. Body erect and facing forward 2. Arms at the side 3. Palms are facing forward with thumbs on the side 4. Feet about a hip distance apart with toes pointing forward INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM - the largest organ of the body that forms a physical barrier between the external environment and the internal environment that it serves to protect and maintain. FUNCTIONS: MAJOR ORGANS: 1. Body Temperature regulations 1. Skin 2. Reservoir for blood 2. Hair 3. Protection from external environment 3. Sweat Glands 4. Cutaneous sensations 4. Nails 5. Excretion and absorption 6. Vitamin D synthesis – (Bones – Precursor calcium absorption / Calcium or Phosphate in the body) LAYERS OF THE SKIN: 1. Epidermis – The top layer of your skin. This is the part of your skin that you can see and touch. It’s made up of three types of cells: melanocytes, keratinocytes and Langerhans. It gives your skin its color and provides a waterproof barrier. a. Melanin – dark pigment of the skin and hair that is produced by melanocytes found in the stratum Basale; protects against ultraviolet rays of the sun. b. Keratin – a protein found in the stratum corneum that makes this layer tough & impenetrable. 2. Dermis – The layer below the epidermis of the skin composed of connected tissue, blood vessels, glands, muscle tissue , nerve endings & hair follicles. a. Glands - Glands are found throughout your skin. They release materials like water, salt or oil from under your skin to the surface of your skin. b. Arrector Pili Muscles – the muscles attached to the root of the hair, contract when a person is scared or when the skin becomes chilled to produce body heat, responsible for creating “Goosebumps”. c. Nerve Endings – general sensory receptors for pressure temperature and pain. 3. Hypodermis or Subcutaneous Layer (superficial fascia) – the last layer of the integument. Composed mostly of connective tissue (primarily adipose tissue) and blood vessels varies in thickness depending on their location in the body and on the age, sex, and overall health of the individual. APPENDAGES OF SKIN: 1. Sebaceous Glands or Oil Glands – glands located along the shaft of the hair, secrete sebum, an oily substance, along the shaft of the hair that disperses along the surface of the skin and keeps the stratum corneum supple and waterproof. 2. Sudoriferous Glands or Sweat Glands – glands that produce and secrete perspiration (sweat), a fluid that is approximately 99% water and contains some electrolytes, salts, and urea, sweat eliminates some wastes and cools the body by removing heat through evaporation. a. Eccrine Glands – the most numerous type of water in the sweat gland; found throughout the body, particularly on the back, forehead, hands, and feet. b. Apocrine Glands (Armpit/Femur) – larger sweat glands located in the axillary and pubic regions, secrete a more viscous and odoriferous secretion and become active at puberty. c. Mammary Glands – specialized sudoriferous glands in the breast secrete milk. (Active in women cause we bear children, compared to men) d. Ceruminous Glands (Earwax/Cerumen) – specialized secretory glands located in the external ear of canal that secrete cerumen. Hair – consists of a shaft, root, and bulb, and provides limited protection (eyelashes protect the eye, hair in the nostrils protects the nose. PARTS OF HAIR: 1. Shaft – made up of dead cells 2. Hair Follicles – found beneath the dermis; mitosis 3. Hair Bulb – extension of hair follicle, located at hypodermal area where it is supplier by blood. Hair Growth Cycle: 1. Anagen – is the active growth phase of hair, basically when the hair grows. During this phase, hair follicles are busy producing new cells, resulting in the rapid lengthening of your hair. 2. Catagen – is a transitional stage; growth stops and the outer root sheath shrinks and attaches to the root of the hair. 3. Telogen - is the final phase of the hair growth cycle, where hair is at rest (resting phase). During this stage, the old hair is shed, making way for new hair growth to begin. Fingernails and Toenails – hardened layer of the stratum corneum found at the end of each finger and toe, helps protect the end of the digits and aids in picking up objects with the fingers. SKELETAL SYSTEM - is your body's support structure. It gives your body its shape, allows movement, makes blood cells, provides protection for your organs and stores minerals. The skeletal system is also called the musculoskeletal system. FUNCTIONS: MAJOR ORGANS: 1. Serve as a framework for the body. 1. Bones 2. Protect delicate organs such as the brain, spinal cord, lungs and eyes. 2. Cartilages 3. Serve as levers for the muscles to act upon to produce body movement 3. Ligaments 4. Serve as a storehouse for minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. 4. Bone Marrow 5. Produce red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the bone marrow. Division of Skeletal System: 1. Axial Skeleton – consists of 80 bones 2. Appendicular Skeleton – consists of 126 bones Axial Skeleton (80 Bones): 1. Skull 2. Vertebral Column or Spinal Column 3. Rib Cage SKULL – CONSISTS OF 29 BONES (Cranium – 8 bones), (Facial – 14 bones) Cranium - The bones that form the head. Cranial - toward the head end of the body (Location). CRANIAL BONES: 1. FRONTAL – forms the forehead, the bony projections under the eyebrow and the superior part of each eyes orbit. 2. PARIETAL – paired parietal bones form most of the superior and lateral walls of the cranium. 3. TEMPORAL – inferior to the parietal bones they join them at the squamous sutures. 4. OCCIPITAL - 5. SPHENOID – butterfly shape that lies on the middle part of the base of skull. 6. ETHMOID – located on the midlines in the anterior part of the cranial floor medial to the orbits. FACIAL BONES: 1. PAIRED NASAL BONES - These two slender bones are located at the bridge of the nose 2. PAIRED MAXILLAE OR MAXILLA - These two bones form the upper jaw and hard palate by fusing in the midline via a suture 3. PAIRED ZYGOMATIC BONES - Located at the cheek 4. MANDIBLE 5. PAIRED LACRIMAL BONES - Located at the edge of the inner corner of each eye 6. PAIRED PALATINE BONES – ROOF OF MOUTH/ These two L-shaped bones at the back of the nasal cavity form the hard palate 7. PAIRED INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE - Located within the nasal cavity 8. VOMER - This thin, flat bone forms the lower portion of the nasal septum AUDITORY (6 BONES):  HYOID – 1 BONE: VERTEBRAL COLUMN – ADULT 26 BONES AND CHILD 33 BONES 1. CERVICAL - There are seven cervical vertebrae in the human body. 2. THORACIC - The twelve thoracic vertebrae are medium-sized, and increase in size from superior to inferior. 3. LUMBAR - There are five lumbar vertebrae in most humans, which are the largest in the vertebral column. 4. SACRUM - The sacrum and coccyx lie at the caudal (tail) end of the vertebral column. They are composed of fused vertebrae, and are referred to as the ‘false’ vertebrae. 5. COCCYX Note: L3,L4,L5 – where epidural is inserted RIB CAGE: 1. True Ribs – directly connected to the sternum. 2. False Ribs – connected to true rib. 3. Floating Ribs – not extended in the front. Appendicular Skeleton – consists of 126 bones Pectoral Girdle (Clavicle - Collarbone & Upper Extremities Scapula – Shoulder Blade) Pelvic Girdle Lower Extremities  LIGAMENTS – A STRUCTURE THAT CONNECTS BONE TO BONE. TENDON – A STRUCTURE THAT CONNECTS BONE TO MUSCLE. JOINTS – THE PART OF THE BODY WHERE TWO OR MORE BONES MEET TO ALLOW MOVEMENT. THREE TYPES OF JOINTS: 1. IMMOVABLE 2. SLIGHTLY MOVABLE 3. FREELY MOVABLE MUSCULAR SYSTEM - composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers. Their predominant function is contractibility. Muscles, attached to bones or internal organs and blood vessels, are responsible for movement. Functions: Body Movements – Musculoskeletal movement Heat Production Posture & support TYPES OF MUSCLES: 1. CARDIAC MUSCLE – involuntary muscle (heart) 2. SMOOTH MUSCLE – involuntary (hollow organs like small intestine, blood vessels) 3. SKELETAL MUSCLE – Voluntary (attached to the bones of the skeleton) ANTERIOR MUSCLES: POSTERIOR MUSCLES: 1. DELTOID 1.TRAPEZIUS 2. LATISSIMUS DORSI 2. TRICEP BRACHII 3. PECTORALIS MAJOR 3. GLUTEUS MAXIMUS 4. BICEPS BRACHII 4. GASTROCNEMIUS 5. RECTUS ABDOMINIS 6. BRACHIORADIALIS 7. RECTUS FEMORIS 8. VASTUS LATERALIS 9. TIBIALIS ANTERIOR 10. STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID FACIAL MUSCLE: 1. ORBICULARIS OCCULI – CIRCLES AROUND THE EYES. 2. ORBICULARIS ORIS – CIRCULAR MUSCLE OF THE LIPS. 3. ZYGOMATICUS – CHEEK MUSCLES. 4. MASSETER – LOWER JAW