Human Anatomy and Physiology Introduction PDF

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY JELSON P. ABRILLO ANATOMY (ah-nat’o-me) deals with the structure (morphology) of the body part- their forms and how they are organized. Anatomy Areas of Specialization ◦Microscopic anatomy ◦Gross anatomy ◦ Regional anatomy Microscopic Anatomy ◦is the study of str...

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY JELSON P. ABRILLO ANATOMY (ah-nat’o-me) deals with the structure (morphology) of the body part- their forms and how they are organized. Anatomy Areas of Specialization ◦Microscopic anatomy ◦Gross anatomy ◦ Regional anatomy Microscopic Anatomy ◦is the study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope or other magnification devices Gross anatomy ◦the study of the larger structures of the body, those visible without the aid of magnification Regional Anatomy ◦the study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific body region, such as the abdomen  PHYSIOLOGY (fis”e-ol’o-je) ◦concerns with the function of the body parts- what they do and how they do it. Relationship between anatomy & physiology ◦Anatomy and the physiology are difficult to separate because structures of the body parts are so closely associated with their functions. Body parts form a well organized unit- the human organism- and each part functions in the unit’s operation. A particular body part’s function depends on the way the part is constructed- that is, how its subparts are organized.  LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Levels of Organizing Life Atom The smallest unit of matter Molecule A cluster of atoms bonded together Organelle A membrane-enclosed portion of the cell performing a specific function The smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism and is surrounded by a flexible, screen- Cell like membrane Tissue A group of similar cells working on a common function Organ A group of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function Organ Several organs working together to perform a function System A living being that has a cellular structure and can independently perform all physiologic functions Organism necessary for life. Population All the organisms of the same species Communit All the living things in an areas y Ecosystem All the living and nonliving things in an area CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE  CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE Process Examples Movement Change in position of the body or of a body part, motion of an internal organ Responsiveness Reaction to a change inside or outside the body Growth Increase in body size without change in shape. Reproduction Production of a new organisms and new cells Respiration Obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods (Some forms of life do not use oxygen in respiration.) Digestion Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used. Absorption Passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids. Circulation Movement of substances in body fluids. Assimilation Changing absorbed substances into chemically different forms. Excretion Removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions. METABOLISM ◦The sum total of all the chemical reactions in the body that break substances down and build them up. The reactions of metabolism enable us to acquire and use energy to fuel life processes. Requirements Organisms 1.Water 2.Foods 3.Oxygen 4.Heat 5.Pressure Water ◦Is the most abundant chemical in the body. It is required for many metabolic processes and provides the environment in which most of them take place. Water also transports substances within the organism and is important in regulating body temperature. Foods ◦ Are substances that provide the body with necessary chemicals(nutrients) in addition to water. Some of these chemicals are used as energy sources, others supply raw materials for building new living matter, and still others help regulate vital chemical. Oxygen Oxygen is a gas that makes up about one-fifth of ordinary air. It is used to release energy from food substances. This energy, in return, drives metabolic processes. Heat ◦Is a form of energy. It is a product of metabolic reactions, and the degree of heat present partly determines the rate at which these reactions occur. Generally, the more heat, the more Pressure rapidly chemical reactions take place. (Temperature is a measure of the ◦Is an application degree of heat.) of force to something. HOMEOSTASIS Maintenance of the stable internal environment. Homeostatic mechanisms help regulate body temperature and blood pressure. Homeostatic mechanisms components ◦Receptors provide information about specific conditions (Stimuli) in the internal environment. ◦A set point tells what a particular value should be(such as a body temperature at 37 degree c elciues or 98.6 degree F. Effectors cause responses that alter conditions in the internal environment. ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY BODY CAVITIES ◦ 1.The axial portion of the body includes the cranial cavity, the vertebral canal, the thoracic cavity, and the abdominopelvic cavity. ◦ The diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. ◦ The organs in a body cavity are called viscera. ◦ The mediastinum separates the thoracic cavity into right and left compartments. ◦ Boy cavities in the head include the oral nasal, orbital and middle ear cavities. 2. THORACIC & ABDOMINOPELVIC MEMBRANES. ◦ A. Thoracic membranes ◦ 1. Pleural membranes line the thoracic cavity (Parietal pleura) and cover the lungs (visceral pleura) ◦ 2. Pericardial membranes surround the heart( parietal pericardium) and cover its surface (visceral pericardium) ◦ 3. The pleural and pericardial cavities are the potential spaces between the respective parietal and visceral membranes. ◦ B. Abdominopelvic membranes ◦ 1. Peritoneal membranes line the abdominopelvic cavity (Parietal peritoneum) and the cover organs inside (visceral peritoneum) ◦ 2. The peritoneal cavity is the potential space between the parietal and visceral membranes. ORGAN SYSTEM S A. Body Covering Integumentary System ◦Includes the skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. ◦It protects underlying tissues, regulates body temperature, houses sensory receptors, and synthesizes various substances B. Support and movement ◦The Skeletal System ◦Composed of bones, as well as cartilages and ligaments that bind bones together. ◦It provides Framework , protective shields, and attachments of muscles. It also produces blood cells and stores inorganic salts. ◦Muscular System ◦The muscular system includes the muscles of the body ◦It moves body parts, maintain posture, and produces body heat. C. Integration & Coordination ◦Nervous system ◦The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs. ◦It receives impulses from sensory parts, interprets these impulses, and acts on them by stimulating muscles or glands to respond. ◦Endocrine system ◦The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones. ◦Hormones help regulate metabolism. ◦This system includes the hypothalamus of the brain and the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands, as well as the pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus. D. Transport ◦Cardiovascular System ◦The cardiovascular system includes the heart, which pumps blood, and the blood vessels, which carry blood to and from body parts. ◦Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste. Lymphatic System ◦The lymphatic system is composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen. ◦ It transports lymph fluid from tissues to the bloodstream, carries certain fatty substances away from the digestive organs, and aids in defending the body against disease-causing agents.  E. Absorption and Excretion ◦Digestive System ◦ The digestive system receives foods, breaks down food molecules into nutrients that can pass through cell membranes, and eliminates materials that are not absorbed. ◦ It includes the mouth, togue, teeth, salivary, glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine. ◦Respiratory System ◦The respiratory system takes in and sends out air and exchanges gases between the air and blood. ◦It includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. ◦Urinary System ◦The Urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. ◦It filters wastes from the blood and helps maintain water and electrolyte concentrations and the acidity of the internal environment. F. Reproduction ◦The reproductive systems produce new organisms ◦Themale reproductive systems includes the scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra, and penis, which produce, maintain, and transport male sex cells (sperm cells).  female Reproductive ◦The system includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva, which produce, maintain, and transport female sex cells(oocytes) Some terms used to describe body regions. (a) Anterior regions (b) Posterior regions Organization of the Human Body AXIAL PORTION Includes the head, neck and trunk APPENDICULAR PORTION Upper and the lower limbs  Body cavities Axial portion Cranial Cavity Vertebral canal Appendicular portion Thoracic Cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Cranial Cavity Which houses the brain Vertebral canal Which contains the spinal cord within the section of the backbone Thoracic Cavity Left and right lungs -Heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus  Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity -stomach -liver -terminal portion of -spleen the large intestine -Gallbladder , -urinary bladder - kidneys and -internal - Most of small & reproductive organs large intestines Smaller CAVITY within the head 1. Oral cavity 2. Nasal cavity 3. Orbital cavities 4. Middle Ear Cavities ANATOMICAL POSITION  RELATIVE POSITIONS 1. Superior Means that the body part is above another or closer to the head.  RELATIVE POSITIONS 2.Inferior Means that the body part is below another part or is toward to the feet.  RELATIVE POSITIONS 3. Anterior (Ventral) Means towards the front  RELATIVE POSITIONS 4. Posterior (dorsal) Opposite of anterior; it means towards the back.  RELATIVE POSITIONS 5. Medial Refers to the imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right and left halves. A body part is medial if it is closer to the line than another part.  RELATIVE POSITIONS 6. Lateral Means toward the side with respect to the imaginary midline.  RELATIVE POSITIONS 7. Bilateral Refers to paired structures, one of which is on each side. 8. Ipsilateral Refers to structures on the same side.  RELATIVE POSITIONS 9. Contralateral Refers to structures on the opposite side 10. Proximal Describes a body part that is closer to a ‘point of attachment to the trunk than another body part  RELATIVE POSITIONS 11. Distal Is the opposite of proximal. It means that a particular body part is farther from a point of attachment t to the trunk than another body part.  RELATIVE POSITIONS 12. Superficial Means situated near the surface. 13.Deep Describes parts that are more internal than superficial parts BODY SECTIONING  1. Sagittal Refers to lengthwise plane that divides the body into right and left portions 2. Transverse Refers to a plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions  3.Coronal Refers to a plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions Body Regions  Abdominal Area 1. Right Upper Quadrant(RUQ)- contains the right portion of the liver, the gallbladder, right kidney, a small portion of the stomach, the duodenum, the head of the pancreas, portions of the ascending and transverse colon, and parts of small intestine. Pain in this region is associated with infection and inflammation in the gallbladder and liver or peptic ulcers in the stomach. 2. Left Upper Quadrant(LUQ) is the location of the left portion of the liver, part of the stomach, the pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of the transverse and descending colon, and parts of the small intestine. Pain in this region is associated with malrotation of the intestine and colon.  Abdominal Area 3. Right Lower Quadrant( RLQ) quadrant sits the cecum, appendix, part of the small intestines, the right half of the female reproductive system, and the right ureter. Pain in this region is most commonly associated with appendicitis. 4. Left Lower Quadrant( LLQ) houses the majority of the small intestine, some of the large intestine, the left half of the female reproductive system, and the left ureter. Pain in this region is generally associated with colitis (inflammation of the large intestine) as well as pelvic inflammatory disease and ovarian cysts in females.  Abdominal Area 1. Epigastric region – refers to the upper middle portion contains the majority of the stomach, part of the liver, part of the pancreas, part of the duodenum, part of the spleen, and the adrenal glands. This region pushes out when the diaphragm contracts during breathing 2. Right Hypochondriac regions – lie on each right side of the epigastric region, contains the right portion of the liver, the gallbladder, the right kidney, and parts of the small intestine.  Abdominal Area 3. Left Hypochondriac regions lie on each left side of the epigastric regioncontains part of the spleen, the left kidney, part of the stomach, the pancreas, and parts of the colon. 4. Umbilical Regions- Refers to the middle portion. contains the umbilicus (navel), and many parts of the small intestine, such as part of the duodenum, the jejunum, and the illeum. It also contains the transverse colon (the section between the ascending and descending colons) and the bottom portions of both the left and right kidney.  Abdominal Area 5. Right lumbar regions- lie on the right side of the umbilical region. consists of the gallbladder, the right kidney, part of the liver, and the ascending colon. 6. Left lumbar regions- lie on the left side of the umbilical region. consists of the descending colon, the left kidney, and part of the spleen.  Abdominal Area 7. Hypogastric region- refers to the lower middle portion. , (below the stomach) contains the organs around the pubic bone. These include bladder, part of the sigmoid colon, the anus, and many organs of the reproductive system, such as the uterus and ovaries in females and the prostate in males. 8. Right Iliac regions- lie on each side of the hypogastric region , contains the appendix, cecum, and the right iliac fossa. It is also commonly referred to as the right inguinal region. Pain in this area is generally associated with appendicitis.  Abdominal Area 9. Left Iliac regions- lie on each side of the hypogastric region contains part of the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and the left illiac fossa. It is also commonly called the left inguinal region. Thank you! Jelson P. Abrillo