Introduction and History of Health Psychology PDF

Introducti on and History of Health Psycholog y © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education Limited 1 Health Psychology Defined Health psychology is a relatively new field devoted to understanding psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why people become ill, and how they respond when they do get...

Introducti on and History of Health Psycholog y © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education Limited 1 Health Psychology Defined Health psychology is a relatively new field devoted to understanding psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why people become ill, and how they respond when they do get ill. © 2020 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION LIMITED 2 What is Health? The World Health Organization (WHO) has formally defined health as: “a state of complete physical, mental and social well‐being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (1948) © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education Limited 3 Objective signs that the body is not functioning properly (e.g., high blood pressure) Subjective symptoms of disease or injury (e.g., pain, nausea) © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education Limited 4 What are your health risks? For each item, answer YES or NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. I believe if I feel well I must be healthy. My weight is not within the range that the charts say it should be. I smoke cigarettes My drinking would not qualify as moderate – I either do not drink or I drink too much to be considered a moderate I rarely getdrinker. 7 or 8 hours of sleep. 5 What are your health risks? For each item, answer YES or NO. 6. I do not follow a regular exercise program. 7. I believe that most diseases have a genetic basis. 8. I believe that modern medicine will find cures for most diseases before I am old enough to be affected by diseases. 9. these As long as I am not overweight, I believe that my diet will not affect my 10 health. I can wait until I am older to develop . a healthier lifestyle. 6 Wellness/Illness Continuum © 2020 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION LIMITED 7 Estimated contributions of different factors to health status. © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education Limited 8 Health Psycholo gy Focus Health Psychologists focus on: • health promotion and maintenance • prevention and treatment of illness • etiology and correlates of health, illness and dysfunction • studying of the impact of health institutions and health professionals on people’s behaviour © 2020 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION LIMITED 9 Health Psychology Roles 1 the educational, scientific and professional contributions of psychology to the promotion and maintenance of health 2 the prevention and treatment of illness 3 the identification of the causes and correlates of health and illness 4 the improvement of the health care system and the formulation of health policy © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education Limited 10 Early Views of Mind-Body Relationship Disease God’s punishme nt Evil spirits entering the body Imbalance of blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education Limited 12 Disease resulted from: Supernatu ral or Magical Belief  Sorcery  Breach of social taboo  Object intrusion  Supernatural possession  Losing one’s soul © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education Limited 13  Confession and appeasing of the gods. Treatmen ts  Magical sucking to remove the intrusive object.  Drive out evil spirits by using vile concoctions such as animal excrement or even torture.  Trephination © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education Limited 14 15 Greeks – Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.) Origin of the view that disease is a natural process. 16 Greeks – Hippocrat es (460377 B.C.) Humoral theory  View that disease occurs when the four fluids of the body are out of balance  Four fluids are blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm.  Personality types © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education Limited 17 Hippocrates - Treatments Temperamen Humor Disease t Phlegmatic Phlegm Cold, headach es Sanguine Blood Angina, epilepsy Melancholic Black Hepatitis bile , ulcers Choleric Yellow Stomach, bile jaundice Treatment Hot baths, warm food Blood letting Hot baths Blood letting, liquid diet 18 © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education Limited 19 Evolving view of diseases  Anatomical pathology  Belief that disease was localized in anatomy (16th to 18th Centuries)  Tissue pathology  Specific tissues could become diseased while others remain healthy (Late 18th Century)  Cellular pathology  Belief that life resided in cells and so cells must be © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education the place to look for Limited 20 Evolving view of diseases  Germ theory  Discovery that particles in the air that could not seen (e.g., bacteria) could cause disease.  Magic bullet  A specific cure could be found for every ailment that restore the person to perfect health.  Biopsychosocial model ©2020 McGraw-Hill Mind, body,Education and Limited 21 The MindBody Relationship: Psychoanaly tic Psychoanalytic Contributions: • Freud’s early work on conversion hysteria: • unconscious conflicts produce physical disturbances that symbolize the repressed psychological conflicts • patient converts conflict into a nervous system disturbance and becomes relatively free of anxiety © 2020 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION LIMITED 22 The Mind-Body Relationship: Psychosomatic Medicine Psychosomatic Medicine: Dunbar and Alexander • profiles of disorders thought to be psychosomatic in origin (e.g., anxiety and stress causing ulcers) • helped shape belief that bodily disorders are caused by emotional conflicts • criticized that a particular conflict or personality style is not sufficient to produce illness © 2020 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION LIMITED 23 The MindBody Relationship : Behavioural Medicine Behavioral Medicine: • focus on objective and clinically relevant interventions that demonstrate the connections between body and mind • Interdisciplinary field concerned with integrating behavioural science and biomedical science for understanding physical health and illness and to prevent, diagnose, treat, and rehabilitate © 2020 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION LIMITED 24 What is the Biopsychosocial Model of Health? Biomedical model: All illness can be explained on the basis of aberrant somatic bodily processes; psychological and social processes are irrelevant to disease process. Biopsychosocial model: Health and illness are consequences of the interplay of biological, psychological and social factors. © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education 25 © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education Limited 26 Relation of health psychology to other health-related fields Medicine Psychosomatic Cardiology Oncology, etc. Health Education Nutrition Sociology Nutrition Exercise Behavioural Behavioural health medicine Physiology Health Psychology Psychology 27 Current Views of the Mind-Body Relationship We now know that physical health is inextricably interwoven with the psychological and social environment. With an expanded perspective there is growing interest in more holistic approaches to health and healing. © 2020 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION LIMITED Increase in use of alternative 28 © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education Limited 29 © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education Limited 30 Biopsychosocial Model of Disease Biology •Genetic variability •Anatomy •Physiology Pathogens •Germs •Toxins Behavioural risk factors •Diet •Exercise •Smoking •Safe sex •Wearing seat belts in the car, etc. © 2020 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION LIMITED Social •Family •Society •Friends, etc. 31 The Biopsychosocial Model: Advantages I Advantages of the Biopsychosocial Model: • macrolevel processes and microlevel processes interact to produce a state of health or illness • the mind and body cannot be distinguished in matters of health and illness because they are intertwined © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education Limited 32 The Biopsychosocial Model: Advantages II Advantages of the Biopsychosocial Model: • researchers have adopted a systems theory approach to health and illness • All levels in an entity are linked hierarchically and a change on one level will effect change in all the other levels © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education Limited 3 The Biopsychosocial Model: Clinical Implications I Clinical Implications: • diagnosis should always consider biological, psychological and social factors in assessing an individual’s health or illness • recommendations for treatment must examine all three sets of factors © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education Limited 3 The Biopsychosocial Model: Clinical Implications II Clinical Implications: • becomes possible to target treatment uniquely to a particular individual • the relationship between the patient and the practitioner matters © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education Limited 3 © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education Limited 36 Why is the Field of Health Psychology Needed?: Part I only way to develop an adequate understanding of health and illness © 2020 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION LIMITED changing patterns of illness and causes of death have created a need for understanding and affecting lifestyle factors 37 Fig. 1.2 © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education Limited 38 Why is the Field of Health Psychology Needed?: Part II only way to develop an adequate understanding of health and illness changing patterns of illness and causes of death have created a need for affecting lifestyle patterns advances in technology and research role of epidemiology in Health Psychology © 2020 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION LIMITED 39 © 2020 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION LIMITED 40 Why is the Field of Health Psychology Needed?: Part III MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY HEALTHRELATED QUALITY OF LIFE AND SYMPTOMATI C COMPLAINTS © 2020 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION LIMITED INCREASED MEDICAL ACCEPTANCE DEMONSTRAT ED CONTRIBUTI ONS TO HEALTH 41 Determinants of Health © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education Limited 42 What is the Purpose of Health Psychology Training?: Careers I Careers in practice: • physicians, nurses and allied health professionals better able to understand and manage the psychological and social aspects of health than if had traditional background © 2020 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION LIMITED 43 What is the Purpose of Health Psychology Training?: Careers II Careers in research: • conduct research in public health, psychology and medicine in a variety of settings such as academia, public health departments and Health Canada © 2020 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION LIMITED 44 Important Contributio ns of Psychology to Health  Has provided techniques useful in changing behaviours that affect health and illness.  Is committed to keeping people healthy rather than waiting to only treat them when they become ill.  Long history of developing reliable and valid measures for assessing health-related factors.  Has contributed a solid foundation of scientific methods for studying such behaviours. © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education Limited 45 Giulia Enders: The surprisingly charming sci ence of your gut | TED Talk 14 min © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education Limited 46