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Manasuwa International Research Institute of Psychology Abnormal Psychology Introduction to Abnormal Psychology Dulanjala M. Welikanda B.Psyc (Hon) (Kelaniya) /...

Manasuwa International Research Institute of Psychology Abnormal Psychology Introduction to Abnormal Psychology Dulanjala M. Welikanda B.Psyc (Hon) (Kelaniya) / MA.BudAyuCou. (Kelaniya) / MIPC Psychologist / Hypnotherapist / Senior Lecturer / Secretary of SLNIPC Introduction to Abnormal Abnormal psychology is a branch of Psychology psychology that deals with the study of unusual patterns of behavior, emotion, and thought, which may or may not be understood as precipitating a mental disorder. The study of abnormal psychology seeks to describe, explain, predict, and change abnormal patterns of functioning. This field is vital for developing effective treatments and understanding the complexities of mental health disorders.  Historical The understanding and treatment of abnormal psychology have evolved significantly throughout history, influenced by cultural, religious, and scientific developments. Here is a Perspectives in detailed look at the major historical perspectives: Ancient Times Abnormal Supernatural Explanations: In ancient civilizations, abnormal behavior was often interpreted through a Psychology supernatural lens. People believed that mental illness was caused by possession by evil spirits, demonic influence, or divine punishment. These beliefs were prevalent in early societies such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and Greece. Treatments: Treatments aimed at expelling evil spirits or appeasing deities. Methods included exorcism, prayer, rituals, and trephination (drilling holes in the skull to release the spirits). Shamans, priests, and healers conducted these rituals.  Classical Greek and Roman Periods Classical Greek Natural Causes: The classical Greek and Roman periods marked a significant shift from supernatural to and Roman natural explanations for abnormal behavior. Hippocrates, often referred to as the "Father of Periods Medicine," proposed that mental disorders were caused by imbalances in bodily fluids or humors (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile). He suggested that these imbalances could affect mental and physical health. Early Treatment Approaches: Hippocrates and later Galen, a Roman physician, advocated for treatments aimed at restoring balance to the humors. These included dietary changes, exercise, rest, and sometimes bloodletting. They emphasized a more humane approach to treatment, considering the well-being of the patient.  Middle Ages Middle Ages Return to Supernatural Explanations: With the fall of the Roman Empire and the rise of the Church's influence, supernatural explanations for mental illness re-emerged. Many believed that mental illness was a result of witchcraft or possession by demons. The Church's dominance led to the interpretation of mental disorders as moral failings or signs of divine disfavor. Treatments: Religious rituals, exorcisms, and other spiritual practices were common treatments. Unfortunately, this period also saw the persecution of individuals believed to be witches or possessed, often resulting in severe punishment, torture, or execution.  Renaissance and Enlightenment Renaissance Humanitarian Reforms: The Renaissance brought a renewed interest in science and humanism. Figures like and Johann Weyer challenged the notion of witchcraft and argued that mental illness was a medical condition Enlightenment requiring treatment. The Enlightenment further emphasized rationality and the importance of scientific approaches to understanding human behavior. Asylums and Reforms: The establishment of asylums in Europe provided a dedicated space for the treatment of the mentally ill. However, early asylums often had poor conditions and patients were treated inhumanely. Reformers like Philippe Pinel in France and William Tuke in England advocated for more humane treatment, emphasizing kindness, structured activities, and better living conditions.  19th Century 19th Century Moral Treatment Movement: The 19th century saw the rise of the moral treatment movement, which emphasized the humane and compassionate care of the mentally ill. Philippe Pinel and Dorothea Dix were key figures in this movement. Pinel introduced reforms in French asylums, advocating for the unchaining of patients, and Dix campaigned for the establishment of state hospitals in the United States, leading to significant improvements in care. Emergence of Psychiatry: Psychiatry began to develop as a distinct medical discipline during this period. Physicians like Emil Kraepelin made significant contributions to the classification and diagnosis of mental disorders. Kraepelin's work laid the foundation for modern psychiatric classification systems, distinguishing different types of mental illnesses based on symptomatology and course.  20th Century and Beyond 20th Century and Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory, developed in the early 20th century, had a profound impact on the understanding and treatment of mental Beyond disorders. Freud emphasized the role of unconscious processes, early childhood experiences, and intra-psychic conflicts in the development of mental illness. Psychoanalysis became a dominant therapeutic approach, focusing on uncovering and resolving unconscious conflicts through techniques like free association and dream analysis. Behavioral and Cognitive Approaches: The mid-20th century saw the rise of behaviorism, which focused on observable behaviors and their modification through conditioning. Pioneers like John Watson and B.F. Skinner emphasized the role of learning in shaping behavior. Later, cognitive approaches emerged, with researchers like Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis emphasizing the role of thoughts and beliefs in influencing emotions and behavior. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) became a widely used and effective treatment for various mental disorders.  Defining what constitutes abnormal behavior is a central challenge in the field of abnormal psychology. Various criteria and approaches have been developed to determine abnormality, each with its own strengths and Definitions of limitations. Here are some of the key definitions and criteria used: 1. Statistical Infrequency Abnormality Concept: This approach defines abnormality based on the rarity or 1. Statistical Infrequency statistical infrequency of a behavior or trait within a given population. Behaviors or traits that deviate significantly from the average are considered abnormal. Strengths: Provides a clear, objective criterion based on measurable data. Useful for identifying conditions that are statistically rare, such as certain genetic disorders. Limitations: Not all rare behaviors are undesirable or indicative of a mental disorder (e.g., high intelligence). Some common behaviors may be maladaptive or harmful but are not considered abnormal by this criterion.  Concept: Definitions of Abnormality is defined by behavior that Abnormality significantly deviates from societal norms and expectations. Behaviors that are considered socially 2. Violation of Social Norms unacceptable or disruptive are classified as abnormal. Strengths: Reflects the social and cultural context in which behavior occurs. Recognizes that what is considered normal varies across different societies and cultures. Limitations: Social norms are subjective and can change over time. This criterion may lead to the stigmatization of individuals who simply differ from the majority.  Concept: Definitions of Behavior is considered abnormal if it causes Abnormality significant distress or suffering to the individual. The focus is on the individual's subjective experience and well-being. 3. Personal Distress Strengths: Emphasizes the individual's perspective and the impact of behavior on their quality of life. Recognizes that distress is an important aspect of many mental health conditions. Limitations: Not all individuals with mental disorders experience personal distress (e.g., some personality disorders). Distress can be a normal response to certain life situations and not necessarily indicative of a disorder.  Concept: Abnormal behavior is defined by its maladaptive Definitions of nature, meaning it interferes with the individual's ability to function effectively in daily life. Abnormality Maladaptive behaviors hinder personal goals, social relationships, and overall well-being. 4. Maladaptive Behavior Strengths: Focuses on the practical impact of behavior on the individual's functioning. Can be applied across different cultural contexts by assessing the functionality of behavior. Limitations: Determining what is maladaptive can be subjective and context-dependent. Some behaviors may be adaptive in certain situations but maladaptive in others.  Concept: Behavior is considered abnormal if it is Definitions of irrational, unpredictable, or uncontrollable. Such behaviors may be seen as lacking logical Abnormality coherence or violating common sense. Strengths: 5. Irrationality and Highlights the importance of consistency and Unpredictability predictability in behavior for social functioning. Useful for identifying behaviors that pose a danger to the individual or others. Limitations: Irrational behavior can sometimes be culturally or contextually specific. Not all irrational behaviors are indicative of a mental disorder.  Concept: Abnormal behavior is defined by the Definitions of discomfort or distress it causes to others. Behaviors that are socially inappropriate or Abnormality harmful may be labeled as abnormal based on the reaction of observers. 6. Observer Discomfort Strengths: Takes into account the social impact of behavior on others. Useful for identifying behaviors that disrupt social harmony or pose a risk to others. Limitations: Observer discomfort is subjective and can be influenced by cultural norms and personal biases. Behaviors that cause discomfort may not always be harmful or abnormal.  DSM-5 and ICD-11: Integrative Modern classification systems like the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) Approaches and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) use a combination of criteria to define mental disorders. These criteria often include elements of statistical infrequency, personal distress, maladaptive behavior, and the violation of social norms. Biopsychosocial Model: The biopsychosocial model integrates biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding and defining abnormal behavior. This comprehensive approach recognizes the complexity of mental health conditions and the interplay of multiple influences.  The Biopsychosocial Model The biopsychosocial model is a comprehensive framework for understanding human health and illness. It posits that biological, psychological, and social factors all play a significant role in the development and maintenance of health and disease. This model contrasts with earlier models, such as the biomedical model, which primarily focused on biological factors.  ❖ Genetics: Genetic predisposition can play a Components of the significant role in the likelihood of developing certain mental health disorders. For instance, Biopsychosocial family history of mental illness can increase the risk for conditions like depression, schizophrenia, Model and bipolar disorder. ❖ Neurobiology: Brain structure and function, Biological Factors including neurotransmitter imbalances, can impact mental health. Abnormalities in brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus have been linked to various psychiatric conditions. ❖ Physiological Processes: Hormonal imbalances, chronic illnesses, and physical health conditions can also influence mental health. For example, thyroid disorders can lead to symptoms of depression or anxiety.  ❖ Cognitive Processes: Patterns of thinking, Components of the such as cognitive distortions, negative thought patterns, and beliefs about oneself and the Biopsychosocial world, can contribute to mental health issues. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) often Model ❖ targets these maladaptive thought patterns. Emotional Regulation: The ability to manage and respond to emotional experiences is crucial Psychological Factors for mental health. Poor emotional regulation can lead to disorders such as borderline personality disorder or anxiety disorders. ❖ Personality Traits: Certain personality characteristics, like high levels of neuroticism or low levels of resilience, can predispose individuals to mental health challenges.  ❖ Environmental Influences: Factors such as Components of the family dynamics, peer relationships, and socioeconomic status can significantly affect Biopsychosocial mental health. For instance, growing up in a supportive family environment can buffer against the development of mental disorders. Model ❖ Cultural and Societal Norms: Cultural beliefs and societal expectations shape perceptions of normality and abnormality. Stigma and Social Factors discrimination can exacerbate mental health problems and deter individuals from seeking help. ❖ Life Experiences: Traumatic events, such as abuse, neglect, or significant life changes, can have long-lasting impacts on mental health. The accumulation of stressors over a lifetime can also contribute to the development of mental disorders. ❖  Diagnosis: Applications of the Mental health professionals use the Biopsychosocial biopsychosocial model to conduct comprehensive assessments. By Model considering biological, psychological, and social factors, clinicians can gain a more holistic understanding of the patient's condition. For example, in diagnosing depression, a clinician might explore genetic predisposition, cognitive patterns (e.g., rumination), emotional regulation skills, social support systems, and recent life stressors.  Treatment: Applications of the The biopsychosocial model informs Biopsychosocial multi-faceted treatment approaches. Treatment plans often include biological Model interventions (e.g., medication), psychological therapies (e.g., CBT, psychodynamic therapy), and social interventions (e.g., family therapy, social skills training). For instance, a patient with schizophrenia might receive antipsychotic medication (biological), cognitive-behavioral therapy to address delusions and improve coping strategies (psychological), and support with housing and employment (social).  Policy and Public Health: Applications of the The biopsychosocial model can inform Biopsychosocial public health policies and interventions by highlighting the need for integrated approaches to health. Policies that Model promote access to mental healthcare, address social determinants of health, and support research on biological factors can improve overall mental health outcomes. For example, public health campaigns might focus on reducing stigma (social), promoting mental health literacy (psychological), and ensuring access to medical care (biological). Manasuwa International Research Institute of Psychology