Introduction to Linguistics PDF

LINGUISTICS Scientific studyofLanguage TheoreticalLinguistics AppliedLingnisties Concerned withdevelopingmodels oflinguistic...

LINGUISTICS Scientific studyofLanguage TheoreticalLinguistics AppliedLingnisties Concerned withdevelopingmodels oflinguistic knowledge from otherprofeSsions Phonetics Sociolinguisties Studyofthephysicalproperties of speech(or inlanguageand its Study ofvariation signed)produetion and perception. relationship witlhsocialfactors. Phonology Psveholiuguisties Stud strac Studyofthecognitive processesand elements intheseakare n representations underlyinglanguage use distinguish meaning Ethnolinguistics Morphology Studyof internal structuresofwords and how therelationship Studies between language and theycan be modifed. eul groupsperceivethe worde Syntax Geolinguistics Studyofhow o torm Stu ftl bicaldistributionof grammatical sentences aueuaeesaud liuguisticfeatures. Semantics Neurolinguistics nd fxed Studyofthestructures in thehuman brain combinatiousand bow thesecombineto fom themeanings ofsentences. thatunderliegramnmar and communication Pragunatics Bioliuguisties Studyofhow utterances areused in Studyofnaturalas well as human-taught commuicatve acts, and therole played by communicationsystemsinaninmals,compared the man language contextieeson of meaning Historical linguistics Diseourse analysis (diachronielinguistics) Study of language Analysisof language tuse in texts change over time. (spoken, orsigned). written,  LINGUISTICS Scientific studyofLanguage TheoreticalLinguistics AppliedLingnisties Concerned withdevelopingmodels oflinguistic knowledge from otherprofeSsions Phonetics Sociolinguisties Studyofthephysicalproperties of speech(or inlanguageand its Study ofvariation signed)produetion and perception. relationship witlhsocialfactors. Phonology Psveholiuguisties Stud strac Studyofthecognitive processesand elements intheseakare n representations underlyinglanguage use distinguish meaning Ethnolinguistics Morphology Studyof internal structuresofwords and how therelationship Studies between language and theycan be modifed. eul groupsperceivethe worde Syntax Geolinguistics Studyofhow o torm Stu ftl bicaldistributionof grammatical sentences aueuaeesaud liuguisticfeatures. Semantics Neurolinguistics nd fxed Studyofthestructures in thehuman brain combinatiousand bow thesecombineto fom themeanings ofsentences. thatunderliegramnmar and communication Pragunatics Bioliuguisties Studyofhow utterances areused in Studyofnaturalas well as human-taught commuicatve acts, and therole played by communicationsystemsinaninmals,compared the man language contextieeson of meaning Historical linguistics Diseourse analysis (diachronielinguistics) Study of language Analysisof language tuse in texts change over time. (spoken, orsigned). written,  British English American English 1 flat apartment 2. appetizer starter 3. fringe bangs 4. hairslide barrette 5. grill broil 6 grill broiler 7 sweet(s) candy 8 mobilephone cellphone 9 crisps chips 10. snakesand ladders chutesand ladders 11. wardrobe closet 12. biscuit cookie,cracker 13. candyfloss cottoncandy 14. anticlockwise COunter clockwise 15. Cot crib 16. nappy diaper 17. chemist drugstore 18. aubergine eggplant 19. junior school, primaryschool elementaryschool 20. lift elevator 21. motorway expressway,highway 22. chips French fries 23. dustbin garbagecan 24. petrol gas,gasoline 25. bonnet hood (ofa car) 26. skippingrope jump rope 27. number plate licenseplate 11. wardrobe closet 12. biscuit cookie,cracker 13. candyfloss cottoncandy 14. anticlockwise COunter clockwise 15. Cot crib 16. nappy diaper 17. chemist drugstore 18. aubergine eggplant 19. junior school, primaryschool elementaryschool 20. lift elevator 21. motorway expressway,highway 22. chips French fries 23. dustbin garbagecan 24. petrol gas,gasoline 25. bonnet hood (ofa car) 26. skippingrope jump rope 27. number plate licenseplate  2. PRODUCTIVITY (CREATIVITY) Most animalshave very limitedmessages theycan sendor receive. Thistype of isnotfound inhuman language. limitation Language usersmnanipulatetheir linguistic toproduce new expressions resources and new sentences. Thispropertyof human language isknown as productivity or creativity. Itisan inany aspectoflanguagelinkedto thefact thatthenumber ofutterances human language is infinite. - Productivity speaker ´sabilitytocombine thebasiclinguistic On theother units. hand,all animal signalshave a featurecalleda fixedreference, which means each signalisfixedas relatingtoa particularobjector occasion.  ofcommunicating Allcreaturesare.capable withothermembers of theirspecies, LESSON 1: nevertheless, thereare some propertiesof PROPERTIES languagethatare only presentinhumans. OF LANGUAGE Propertiesoflanguageare featuresthatare unlikelytobe found inthecommunication systemsof otherlivingcreatures.  1.DISPLACEMENT.Most animalscan communicate about thingsinthe immediateenvironmentonly.A bird uttersitsdanger Itcannotgive cryonly when danger ispresent. informationabout danger inthe pastor future. Human language,by contrast, can communicate about thingsthatareabsent as easilyas about thingsthatare This featureofthe human languageiscalled present. displacement.Itallowstheusers ofthelanguage to talkabouteventsand thingsnotpresent inthe immediate environment.Animal communication is generallyconsideredtolackthisproperty.We can find itinthecommunication ofhoneybees, butitisrather limited. This featureof languageallowshumans tocreatefiction and describepossiblefutureworlds 1. Angst(verb):To agonize;tofret. Usually withabout,over.("I'm angstingaboutthatphone call.") 2. Awesomesauce (adjective): Very good or wonderful. concertisawesomesauce!") ("This 3. Bae (noun):Term of endearmentfora boyfriendorgirlfriend. Backronym forBeforeAll Else. ("l love you so much, bae.") 4. Chillax(verb): To calm down and takeiteasy.Combination of chill and relax.("Stop worryingaboutwork and chillaxfora minute.") 5. Easy-breezy(adjective): Relaxed,casual,informal.("Baking a three-ingredient cake is easy breezy") 6. Inspo(noun):An itemor ideathatinspires someone.Shortforinspiration. ("Imadea fitness inspoboard tomotivateme to exercise.") 7. On-brand (adjective): Typicalbehaviorfora brand,company, or individual personality. isso on-brandforyou.") ("ThatHawaiian shirt 8. Spit take(noun): toa comment thatinvolvesthelistener comicalreaction A spitting out their ("Thatjokealmostmade me spit drink. take!") 9. Stan (noun,verb):An enthusiastic, sometimesobsessive, fan of a trend,celebrity, or couple.Used as a combinationof stalkerand fan;from Eminem's 2000 song"Stan." (|used tostanBellaand Edward from Twilight,but now I'mstanningBella and Jacob.") 10.Swellegant(adjective): and fashionable. Stylish A combinationof swelland elegant. ("Wearinga tux makes you lookswellegant.") 11. Vacay A fun,relaxingtrip. (noun): ("Let's Shortfor vacation. unwind and take a vacay to Palm Springs!") 12.Whatevs (pronoun): An expression or scorn.Slangforwhatever.("| of indifference don't care what movie we watch.Whatevs.") 13.Yeesh (interjection): ("Yeesh, Expressingannoyance or disgust. you'renotwearingthat tonight, are you?")  AAMOF As A MatterOf Fact AAP Always A Pleasure AAR At Any Rate AEAP As Early As Possible AFAIAC As Far As I Am Concerned BFF BestFriendForever BFFL BestFriendFor Life BBL Be Back Later BMV Be My Valentine BOGOF Buy One Get One Free  CWTSY Can'tWait To See You CYL Catch You Later CYM Check Your Mail CMEO CryingMy Eyes Out CMH CrossMy Heart DTE Down To Earth DMML Don'tMake Me Laugh DND Do Not Disturb DTTM Don'tTalk To Me  3 The propertyof linguistic signsis ARBITRARINESS theirarbitrary withthe relationship objectstheyare used toindicate.  WHAT IS theprincipalmethod of human LANGUAGE? communication,consistingof Words used ina structured and conventionalway andconveyed by speech, or gesture. writing,  DEFINITIONS OF LANGUAGE "Language isthe expressionof ideasby means of speech-soundscombined intowords.Words are combined intosentences,thiscombinationansweringtothatof ideasintothoughts." * Henry Sweet, an English phonetician and language scholar Language refersto a systemof arbitrary symbols used forhuman communication. Language comprisesseparatesounds,words,sentences,and otherutteranceunits. Hearingspeech as a sequence of individual sounds,words,and sentencesis an incredible accomplishment & *Fasold Linton, 2006  6. DUALITY Language isorganizedintotwo levels. Thispropertyiscalled"duality" or doublearticulation. One leveliswhen we produceindividualsoundslike"n, t, d,i". On anotherlevel,we producethesesounds ina particularcombination"bin, tip"and we are producinga meaning thatisdifferent from other combinationsofthesesounds.At one levelwe have a distinctsound and at anotherlevel,we have a distinct meaning. Witha limitedsetofdistinct sournds, we producinga very are.capable.of inmeaning. largenumber ofsound combinationswhich are distinct Phonemes are meaninglessinisolation buttheybecome meaningfulonly when theyare combined with otherphonemes.  For example,the differencebetween "" The soundswe use in language are meaningfully distinct. is notverygreat, but when we use thesesounds in a language,we cannotuse "" insteadof"" becausethenthereisa distinction in meaning. Itisthesame with pairs likep.b,t,d and so on.Theproperty of languagewhen each sound istreatedas discrete is describedas discreteness. 5 DISCRETENESs For example,the Englishword tinwould consistof threeunits t/i/n. Speech unitscan be ordered and reordered, combined,and split apart.  We usuallyinherit or heightfrom the colorof our eyes our parentsbutwe do notinherit theirlanguage. We acquirea language ina culturewith otherspeakers and notfrom parentalgenes. Ifa childborn in Sweden 4. CULTURAL toSwedish parentsmight inherit blond hair,and a pale TRANSMISSION complexion but ifs/he is brought up from birthby Englishspeakersin theUSA e.g. willinevitably speak English. This processwhereby language ispassed on from one generation tothenext iscalled culturaltransmission. Human infants, produce no instinctive growing up inisolation, language.