Intro to Psychology Quiz Revision PDF

Intro to Psychology Lecture 1 (What is Psychology) - Psychology is defined by some as the science of behavior. - Psychologists are also interested in what people say about their experiences and life. - Psychologists use behavior to find out about mental and biological process, moti...

Intro to Psychology Lecture 1 (What is Psychology) - Psychology is defined by some as the science of behavior. - Psychologists are also interested in what people say about their experiences and life. - Psychologists use behavior to find out about mental and biological process, motivates, and personality traits. - The definition of psychology as the science of behavior was found inadequate. - "Psychology" = science of the mind - "Psyche" = mind, or mental, or soul. - "logy" = science, or study of. - Psychologists also study the mind and mental process. - A better definition of psychology might be "the science of behavior and mental process". - Personality traits, age, experiences, physical characteristics, aspirations, attitudes, and social contacts, all of these are of interest to psychologists. - Psychologists would also be interested in things that you are unlikely to mention when asked who you are. These include areas such as your physiology (especially processes in your nervous system), genetic make-up and mental processes that are outside your unconscious awareness. - Primary Goals of psychology :\ 1. DESCRIBE BEHAVIOUR what is the nature of this behavior? 2\. understand and EXPLAIN BEHAVIOUR why does it occur? 3\. PREDICT BEHAVIOR Can we guess when and under what circumstances it will occur? 4\. CONTROL BEHAVIOR what factors influence this behavior? - Psychology became a science in 1879 by William Wundt - Psychologists strike to understand the mysteries of human (Why people think, feel, and act as they do?) Lecture 2 (Approaches in psychology and different types of psychologists) - Different approaches of psychology include (structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, positive psychology, humanistic psychology) - 1st psychological laboratory was introduced in 1879 by William Wundt in Leipzig ,Germany. - PHYLOSOPHY+ PHYSIOLOGY=PSYCHOLOGY - Wundt's experiment made researchers realize that there is a difference between sensation of a stimulus and the perception of a stimulus. - **APPROACHES OF PSYCHOLOGY:** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | - **STRUCTUALISM** | - **FUNCTIONALISM** | - **PSYCHOANALYSIS* | | | | * | | - By William Wundt | - By William James | | | | | - By Sigmund Freud | | - Part of | - Was introduced as | | | experimental | an argument to | - Argues that our | | psychology | structuralism. | behavior is a | | | | result if | | - Focuses on | - Focuses on why | interaction among | | different brain | the thing is | 3 component parts | | elements and | there. | of our mind | | their | | (ID-EGO-SUPER | | capabilities | - William James | EGO) | | | argued that | | | - Considered as a | conciseness | - We were born as | | building blocks | cannot be broken | instincts | | | down into | (غريزة). We just | | - Focuses on what | elements. | wanted to fulfil | | something is | | our basic needs | | | - Focuses on the | and here we are | | | adaptation of | **unconscious** | | | human mind to | level and here we | | | different | are born | | | environments. | **(Id).** | | | | | | | | - When we grow up | | | | we start to | | | | interact with the | | | | world around us. | | | | we start asking | | | | for them and | | | | being rejected so | | | | We learn that we | | | | can't always get | | | | what we want | | | | right away, and | | | | we develop the | | | | **(Ego)** we are | | | | here both | | | | **conscious and | | | | preconscious.** | | | | | | | | - Lastly we learn | | | | rules and | | | | standards. We | | | | start getting | | | | rejected doing | | | | things so we | | | | develop the | | | | (**superego)** | | | | where we try to | | | | do things while | | | | not disappointing | | | | the society. Here | | | | we are at a level | | | | of both pre | | | | **unconscious** | | | | and | | | | **preconscious** | | | | we often feel | | | | guilty doing | | | | things against | | | | our rules even | | | | without realizing | | | | it. | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | - **BEHAVIORISM** | - **HUMANISTIC | - **POSITIVE | | | PSYCHOLOGY** | PSYCHOLOGY** | | - By John Watson | | | | | - By carl Rogers | - By Martin | | - Focuses/ believes | | Seligman | | that human | - He argued that we | | | behavior is | aren't just | - It arose from the | | shaped by the | controlled by the | information that | | environment. | unconsciousness , | psychologists | | | we have goals,& | usually focus on | | - Behaviorists | other positive | the negative side | | believed that | motivates that | of human behavior | | only overt | should be | while largely | | behavior can be | studied**.** | neglecting the | | studied | | positive aspects | | scientifically. | | of human | | | | experience. | | - They advocated | | | | the strict use pf | | - Focused on | | experiment in | | discovering the & | | psychology. | | promoting factors | | | | that allow | | | | individual and | | | | communities to | | | | thrive. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ - Types of psychologists can be classified as academic ( also known as research) and applied psychologists. - Academic / research psychologists include cognitive ,physiological, developmental, and social. - Applied psychologists include school, forensic, sports, health, clinical, and industrial/business/occupational. - ACADEMIC/ RESEARCH PSYCHOLOGISTS: +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 4. Cognitive | Study the way human perceive and | | | understand the world around them. | +===================================+===================================+ | 1. Physiological | Study the role of brain functions | | | in behavior. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2. Developmental | Study how individuals grow and | | | change throughout their lives. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3. Social | Study how people influence and | | | are influenced by others. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ - APPLIED PSYCHOLOGISTS: +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 6. School | Test and evaluate students, | | | analyze learning problems and | | | counsel parents and teachers. | +===================================+===================================+ | 1. Sports | Study how physiological factors | | | influence performance in sports, | | | physical activities, and | | | exercise. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2. Industrial/occupational/or | Work on a wide variety of issues | | business | in work setting. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3. Forensic | Work on behavioral issues in the | | | legal, judicial, and correctional | | | systems. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 4. Health | Focus on ways to improve health | | | by altering behavior. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 5. Clinical | Study and treat mental health | | | disorders. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ - Most psychologists are involved in the areas of clinical and counselling psychology. - The main focus of clinical psychologists is identifying the diagnoses and treating the mental and behavioral disorders. - Clinical-child psychologists treat disorders in children only. - There is an overlap between clinical and counselling psychology. Counselling deals with less severe social, emotional, and vocational problems. - Psychology has a long history. with the earliest known clinical depression was found in 1500 BCE on an ancient Egyptian manuscript known as ebers papyrus. - In the 11^th^ century ibin sina suggested a relationship between emotions and physical response and this idea developed into what we know as "physiological psychology". Lecture 3 (code of ethics and conduct) - Standard psychologists are expected to adhere the ethics and conducts according to the BRITISH PSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY'S code of ethics and conduct. - 4 ethical principles are: 1. Responsibility 2. Respect 3. Competence 4. Integrity - Psychologists should respect every person, treating them with fairness regardless of their background situation. - Psychologists should keep client's personal information confidential. - We should regulate the profession of psychology to: 1. Protect vulnerable people 2. Protect the reputation of the profession.