Ross University Principles of Infectious Diseases PDF Spring 2024
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Ross University
2024
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This document is lecture notes for Intro to Infectious Diseases at Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Spring 2024. It covers key topics like pathogens, disease, and principles of infectious diseases.
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PRINCIPLES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES SPRING 2024 Welcome to RUSVM!!! Welcome to St. Kitts!!! RO S S U N I V E RS I T Y S C H O O L O F V E T E RI N A R Y M E DI CI NE Meet the PID Team Dr. Gutierrez Bacteriology Dr. Yao Parasitology Dr. Bittencourt Immunology Course coordinator Dr. Hervé Epidemiology D...
PRINCIPLES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES SPRING 2024 Welcome to RUSVM!!! Welcome to St. Kitts!!! RO S S U N I V E RS I T Y S C H O O L O F V E T E RI N A R Y M E DI CI NE Meet the PID Team Dr. Gutierrez Bacteriology Dr. Yao Parasitology Dr. Bittencourt Immunology Course coordinator Dr. Hervé Epidemiology Dr. Ghosh Virology Dr. Nadas Locum Week Start Date Topic 13 01 Apr, 2024 Key aspects of infectious diseases Introduction to epidemiology Pathogen transmission Microbial genetics Virology I Virology II Parasitology I Parasitology II Bacteriology I Bacteriology II Intro to One Health Host Immune Response I Host Immune Response II Vaccines and Vaccination Case Study I Zoonoses Preventative care strategies Case Study II Drug Therapy and Antimicrobial resistance Principles of Diagnostic Testing Immunological diagnosis Molecular diagnosis Phenotypical diagnosis Case study III 14 08 Apr, 2024 NO LECTURES 15 t.b.d. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 8 Jan, 2024 15 Jan, 2024 22 Jan, 2024 29 Jan, 2024 05 Feb, 2024 12 Feb, 2024 19 Feb, 2024 26 Feb, 2024 04 Mar, 2024 11 Mar, 2024 18 Mar, 2024 25 Mar, 2024 Activity Location Instructor Lecture Classroom 1 Dr. Hervé Lecture Classroom 1 Dr. Hervé Dr. Yao Lecture Classroom 1 Dr. Ghosh Lecture Classroom 1 Dr. Yao Lecture Classroom 1 Dr. Gutierrez Lecture Classroom 1 Lecture Classroom 1 Lecture Classroom 1 Lecture Classroom 1 Dr. Hervé Lecture Classroom 1 Dr. Yao Dr. Gutierrez Lecture Classroom 1 Dr. Bittencourt Lecture Classroom 1 Lecture Classroom 1 Dr. Yao Dr. Gutierrez Dr. Bittencourt - - - Final Exam - - Dr. Ghosh Dr. Nadas Dr. Nadas Dr. Nadas Dr. Ghosh RO S S U N I V E RS I T Y S C H O O L O F V E T E RI N A R Y M E DI CI NE Learning objectives stated per lecture or topic and serve as guidelines Each professor will present the specifics during the lectures RO S S U N I V E RS I T Y S C H O O L O F V E T E RI N A R Y M E DI CI NE No grade Drop Week (Date) PID Exam Material (+ up to 3 cumulative questions*) Week 2 Exam 1 Week 4 Exam 2 Pathogen transmission Microbial genetics Virology I Virology II Week 6 Exam 3* Parasitology I MAIL.LY Q's Parasitology II Bacteriology & Mycology I Bacteriology & Mycology II Week 8 Intro to One Health Exam 4* Host immune response I Host immune response II Week 10 Exam 5* Vaccines and Vaccination Case Study I Zoonoses Preventative Strategies Week 12 Exam 6* Case Study II Drug therapy and Antimicrobial resistance Principles of Diagnostic Testing Immunodiagnosis Introduction to infectious diseases Introduction to epidemiology and needto remember case studies study Helpful tips New to the subject? Keep up with the information Ask questions Work together, your peers can help you out as well as our TA Course material Lecture slides and background information on CANVAS Different professors, different teaching styles = enrichment Never hesitate to reach out if needed One on one or group meetings Questions via email INTRODUCTION TO INFECTIOUS DISEASES SPRING 2024 Principles of Infectious Diseases Susceptible host Breed, age, sex, genotype Physiology and susceptibility Immune response Infectious disease Pathogen Pathogenicity Dispersal efficiency Survival efficiency Inoculation dose Environment Abiotic and biotic factors Housing management Population density Sanitation Nutrition Prevention Learning Objectives Define infection, disease, and infectious diseases. Define the different types of host-microbe interactions Describe the potential outcomes of the host’s exposure to infectious microbes Understand the importance of Koch’s postulates for the identification of pathogens causing diseases and its limitations Describe the stages of infectious diseases Define One Health and describe its importance Terminology f Infection = the invasion and multiplication of pathogens in an individual or population AT learning objective = a disorder of structure or function in the host that adversely At Disease impacts the host and is not simply a result of physical injury bacteriafungitoxinsetccancausedisease Diseases = diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms At Infectious (e.g. bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi or prions). Some diseases are communicable = can be spread directly or indirectly, from one animal to another. f Etiology = study of the cause of disease Microorganism or Microbe: any organism that is invisible to the naked eye First observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in the 1670s HISTORY Agostino Bassi - 1835 Demonstrated that a silkworm disease, known as muscardine, was contagious and was caused by a microscopic fungus: Beauveria bassiana Louis Pasteur - 1850s-1880s Studied the role of microbes in fermentation and disease, developed the pasteurization process and developed vaccines against rabies and anthrax Robert Koch - 1860s-1880s Discovered the bacteria responsible for anthrax, tuberculosis and cholera; developed the Koch’s postulates. remember4postulates RO S S U N I V E RS I T Y S C H O O L O F V E T E RI N A R Y M E DI CI NE Smallest Prions Viruses Bacteria Fungi Protozoa Largest Multicellular parasites RO S S U N I V E RS I T Y S C H O O L O F V E T E RI N A R Y M E DI CI NE Microbe-Host relationship Free-living inenvironment live don'tneed host Commensal A microorganism that is a normal inhabitant of the animal body In commensal relationships, either the microbe or host (or both) derives benefit; neither is harmed under normal circumstances Pathogen A microorganism capable of causing disease Includes commensals and non-commensals notalwayscausingdisease RO S S U N I V E RS I T Y S C H O O L O F V E T E RI N A R Y M E DI CI NE Microbe-Host relationship Obligate pathogen A microorganism that must produce disease* to transmit and thereby survive evolutionarily. Obligate pathogens are not commensals, but they can produce asymptomatic infections *In this context: damage to the organism at a molecular level, with or without clinical signs Facultative pathogen Microorganism which can infect and multiply in hosts, occasionally causing disease, but also capable of multiplying in the environment RO S S U N I V E RS I T Y S C H O O L O F V E T E RI N A R Y M E DI CI NE Microbe-Host relationship Commensal pathogen A microorganism that is commonly found within the indigenous microbiota that can cause disease in normal hosts with some regularity. Example: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Candida albicans aregram recallstaphstrep bacteria Not all manifest as pathogens with the same frequency, some may require significant impairment of the host’s immunity to cause disease - Opportunistic pathogens RO S S U N I V E RS I T Y S C H O O L O F V E T E RI N A R Y M E DI CI NE Microbe-Host relationship Environmental pathogen A microorganism capable of causing disease that is transmitted to the host from an environmental source such as water or soil. Examples: Clostridium tetani, Clostridium botulinum Zoonotic pathogen A microorganism that is a coloniser or pathogen on animals and that can be transmitted to humans either through vectors (i.e. ticks) or direct contact with the animal or its products. Examples: Brucella abortus, Rabies exmilkfromcattle RO S S U N I V E RS I T Y S C H O O L O F V E T E RI N A R Y M E DI CI NE Attributes of Pathogens Enter host Can occur through the skin, mucosa or body’s orifices Commensal pathogens may skip this step, they’re “already there” Establish a unique habitat within the host Usually requires crossing physical barriers and/or breaching the host’s defenses Multiply within host Typically what causes disease Exit to infect new host Essential trait for obligate pathogens OUTCOMES OF EXPOSURE TO INFECTIOUS AGENTS d MY mayaddersh OUTCOMES OF EXPOSURE TO INFECTIOUS AGENTS Bigtakeaway infected exposedwillget noteveryone infected everyone not willgetdisease EXPOSURE ≠ INFECTION ≠ DISEASE theyare notthesamething KOCH’S POSTULATES SHE earning objective gone 1. The suspected pathogen must be found in every case of disease and not be found in healthy individuals. 2. The suspected pathogen can be isolated and grown in pure culture. 3. A healthy test subject infected with the suspected pathogen must develop the same signs and symptoms of disease 4. The pathogen must be re-isolated from the new host. KOCH’S POSTULATES CAN YOU SPOT ANY POTENTIAL LIMITATIONS TO KOCH’S POSTULATES? KOCH’S POSTULATES LIMITATIONS Inability to isolate the organism in pure culture Inability to isolate the organism in cell-free culture Organisms for which a single species acts as host Subclinical infection Organisms that cause ‘distant’ infection Disease caused by toxins Diseases that require coinfection Organisms associated with tumors don'tneedtohaveall ofthem Five stages of an infectious disease 1. Incubation - Pathogen multiplies without clinical signs 2. Prodromal - General and unspecific signs 3. Illness - Signs and symptoms are more severe and specific 4. Decline - Number of pathogens and clinical signs begin to decline 5. Convalescence - Return to normalcy* Five stages of an infectious disease QUESTIONS? THANK YOU FOR ATTENDING! ©2021 Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine. All rights reserved. What is an infection? aninfectionistheinvasionofpathogensinanindividualorpopulation What is disease? What is infectious disease?