Introduction to Computing PDF

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS TALLY STICK (40,000 - 10,000 years) - Used to record documents numbers, quantities or even messages across various cultures and continents; mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, and China...

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS TALLY STICK (40,000 - 10,000 years) - Used to record documents numbers, quantities or even messages across various cultures and continents; mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, and China STEPPED RECKONER (1672) - Mechanical calculator invented by the german mathematician Gotfried Wilhelm Leibniz. It can perform all basic 4 arithmetic operations and a decimal number system. ABACUS (2700-2300 BC) - Ancient calculating tool used for arithmetic operations and was developed in different parts of the world mainly, Egypt, Greece, Rome, India and China. JACQUARD LOOM (1804) - Mechanical loom, invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard. It uses a series of punched cards to control the weaving pattern, allowing for intricate designs to be produced automatically. NAPIER’S BONE (1617) - Manually operated calculating device invented by John Napier of Merchiston, Scotland. It is a tool to simplify multiplication and division of large numbers. punch card - a stiff card with holes strategically punched SLIDE RULE (1622) - A mechanical analog computer developed into it. It is a method of storing by William Oughtred primarily for multiplication, division, roots, and processing information by logarithms, trigonometry, and other functions. representing data as a series of holes punched into a stiff card. ARITHMOMETER (1850 - 1851) - was the first commercially successful mechanical calculator. It was designed and developed by Thomas de Colmar and was the first reliable and practical calculating machine. PASCALINE (1642) - First mechanical calculator that could perform multiple calculations (addition and subtraction) in a row without being reset, although it is very expensive and has limits. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING DIFFERENCE ENGINE (1820) - conceived by Charles Babbage was a groundbreaking automatic mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions. It aims to eliminate errors in mathematical computation. It was partially built but never completed. HARVARD MARK 1 (1937) - also known as the IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator. (ASCC). It was the first electromechanical computer built during WORld War II. conceived by Howard Aiken. Designed to solve complex mathematical problems that were beyond the capabilities of human computers. ANALYTICAL ENGINE (1830) - revolutionary concept for a mechanical general-purpose computer. Programmable using punched cards, an idea borrowed from the Jacquard Loom. It was also partially built, never completed. Z1 (1936 - 1938) - mechanical computer designed by German inventor Konrad Zuse. It was built in Germany and the first working programmable computer using punch tape. SCHEUTZIAN CALCULATION ENGINE (1843) - developed by Swedish father-son duo Per Georg and Edvard Scheutz. It was the first printing calculator. ATANASOFF-BERRY COMPUTER (1937) - first automatic electronic digital computer. The first computer to use vacuum tubes for arithmetic and logic circuits making it much faster. TABULATING MACHINE (1890) - electromechanical machine designed to assist in summarizing information stored on punched cards. Invented by Herman Hollerith. It was developed to speed up processing of data for the 1890 U.s. Census. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING ENIAC (1946) - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, INVENTORS OF COMPUTERS was the first programmable, electronic, general purpose digital computer. John Napier Scottish mathematician, physicist and astronomer who invented the Napier’s Bones. Blaise Pascal French mathematician, physicist and inventor He created the Pascaline. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz German polymath. He made significant contributions to various fields, including the invention of Stepped Reckoner. UNIVAC 1 - Universal Automatic Computer I, was the first Joseph Marie Jacquard commercial computer produced in the United States. It was French weaver and inventor best known for developing designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly the inventor the Jacquard Loom. of the ENIAC. Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar French inventor and entrepreneur. He is best known for his groundbreaking invention the Arithmometer. Charles Babbage Was an English mathematician, philosopher, inventor, and mechanical engineer. He is considered a pioneer of computer science and is often referred to as the “Father of the Computer” EDVAC ( 1952) - Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Augusta Ada Byron Computer was one of the earliest electronic computers and a Countess of Lovelace is widely recognized as a successor to the ENIAC. It was the first stored program pioneer in the field of computer science due to her computer. It has memory that holds its program as well as work on Charles Babbage’s proposed Analytical data. Developed by Von Neumann. Engine. She is the first programmer and suggested Babbage to use binary system to program Analytical Engine, Per Georg Scheutz and Edvard Scheutz Father and son Swedish duo known for their significant contributions on the development of mechanical calculations. They invented the Scheutzian Calculation Engine Herman Hollerith German-American inventor and businessman who revolutionized data processing. OSBORNE 1 (1981) - the first commercially successful He is considered to be the pioneer of modern portable computer. Invented by Adam Osborne and automatic computation and data processing. designed by Lee Felsenstein. Howard Hathaway Aiken American physicist and a pioneer in the field of computing. He is known for his role in the development of Harvard Mark I, one of the first large scale electromechanical calculators. Konrad Zuse He is widely regarded as the creator of the world’s first programmable computer. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING John Vincent Atanasoff Microprocessor that led to the development of personal A professor of mathematics and physics at Iowa State computers College. Introduction of graphical user interface (GUI) made one of the creators of ABC. computers easier to use as they replaced complex command-line interfaces with visual elements like Clifford Berry icons and windows. Graduate student of Atanasoff. He was instrumental in the design construction of the FIFTH GENERATION (1980s and continues to evolve) ABC contributing his engineering skills. Ongoing development of artificial intelligence (AI) Quantum computing is continuously being developed John Mauchly Conceived the idea of an electronic computer and COMPUTER CLASSIFICATION served as the principal consultant on the project ENIAC. J. Presper Eckert The chief engineer who led the design and construction of ENIAC. John von Neumann Was a Hungarian American mathematician and physicist. He is considered one of the most important figures in the history of computing. GENERATION OF COMPUTER BY SIZE FIRST GENERATION (mid-1940s to late 1950s) 1. Super Computers - processes data and performs the Earliest generation of computers best overall. Used for investigational and research Electronic computers developed between mid-1940s work. and the late 1950s 2. Mainframe Computers - used in large enterprises and Utilizes vacuum tubes as main component and government institutions to manage daily operations. magnetic drums for memory They are to process and store large amounts of Punch cards were used for inputs data. Machine language (binary code) 3. Mini Computers - sometimes known as “Midrange Expensive Computers” also utilized by small enterprises and industries. SECOND GENERATION (1959 - 1965) 4. Micro Computers - also known as personal Utilizes transistors that are smaller, faster and more computers, they are most affordable. reliable and energy-efficient. Assembly and High Level language replaced machine BY PURPOSE language making programming easier. 1. General Purpose - can do everyday tasks such as Reduction in size of computers making it more writing, document preparation, recording, financial accessible. analysis etc. It has versatility and is useful for serving peoples’ basic needs. THIRD GENERATION (1964 - 1971) 2. Special Purpose - performs a particular or specific The computers were using integrated circuits which task. It needs specific input and devices as well as replaced the individual transistors of the 2nd gen. a compatible motherboard with the processor to 1 IC is equal to thousands of transistors, resistors etc conduct work efficiently. making computers smaller, faster, reliable and more energy-efficient. BY TYPE Reduced the size of computers 1. Analog Computer - performs tasks using continuous Faster processing measured in nanoseconds data. Used primarily to measure physical units like Computers became more affordable making them voltage, pressure, temperature etc, and convert them more accessible to businesses and organizations. to digits. Used in the field of technology, science, High level languages were used that made research and engineering. programming easier. 2. Digital Computer - it can perform arithmetic operations such as addition, occurrence, subtraction FOURTH GENERATION (1971 - present) and all types of logical (mathematical) operations. Introduction of microprocessors, which integrated 3. Hybrid Computers - combines digital and analog thousands of transistors onto a single chip, computers. Revolution in computing Smaller computers, which are faster, more powerful and affordable INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING INTRODUCTION TO ICT Storage - Storing and feedback. DATA - refers to things “known” it is a collection of independent raw facts, numbers, letters, symbols, and words. Remember these terms! INFORMATION - processed and organized data. It is data made INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY meaningful based on the needs of the user through ❖ Use of computer, data communication, office system manipulation. methodologies and tools to generate information Information should be relevant, complete, timely, accurate COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY and cost-effective. ❖ Transmission of information over the network CLASSIFICATION OF INFO INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ❖ ICT is the use of electronic computers, communication OPERATIONAL INFO - daily details that go into running an devices and software applications to convert, store, organzayion, such as receipts, invoice, payslips. protect, process, transmit and retrieve information. STRATEGIC INFO - mission critical and relates directly with the COMPUTER thrust of the organization required to act in accordance with the environment or market competition. An electronic data processing machine capable of performing mathematical and logical operations and processing large SYSTEM volumes of data at high speeds. A group of organized interdependent components that interact with and complement one another to achieve one or more CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPUTER predetermined goals. Speed It was invented as a high speed calculator. A system should be composed of parts, unitary whole, Capable of adding two 18-digit number in 300 to 400 hierarchical, bounded, goal oriented and its parts interact. nanosecond Accuracy TYPE OF SYSTEM Its accuracy is consistently high. Close System has no input or outputs, it is isolated Errors in the machinery can occur but, due to from its environment increased efficiency in error-detecting techniques, Open System is one with inputs and outputs, since all these seldom lead to false results. the system we deal within a computing context are Errors are mainly due to human rather than the open system technology, Storage DATA PROCESSING CONCEPT Can store large amounts of data permanently. Stores any type of data; text, graphic, pictures, audio, INPUT - PROCESS - OUTPUT and video files separately. Refers to a conceptual framework wherein input in the form of It is increasing rapidly. data is processed which would result in the generation of an output in the form of information. Automation A computer is much more than an adding machine, DATA PROCESSING CYCLE calculator Once a program is in the computer’s memory, the ORIGINATION - INPUT PREP - PROCESSING - OUTPUT individual instructions are then transferred, one after PREP - STORAGE the other, to the control unit for execution. The CPU A flow of data from the moment it is recorded until the time it follows these instructions until it meets a last becomes a usable piece of information. instruction which says' stop program execution'. Origination Versatility - It refers to the initial capture of data on some form of Computers seem capable of performing almost any document task, provided that the task can be reduced to a series Input Prep. of logical steps. - Accurate recording of transcribing of data forms to permit convenient handling in whatever system the Diligence forms are being used. Computers do not suffer from the human traits of Processing tiredness and lack of concentration. - Actual conversion of data into useful and meaningful information Output Prep. - Process of generating the information and providing it to the user. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING CAPABILITIES OF A COMPUTER Ability to perform certain logic operations. Computers have the ability not only mathematical calculations but also can perform logical operations. Ability to provide new dimensions. Computers can process and perform complex mathematical and trigonometric functions. Ability to store and retrieve information. Ability to control errors. Computers can perform automatic operations, detect errors and can make responses to users. Ability to check itself. The ability to control error is the ability to check its own process LIMITATIONS OF A COMPUTER Dependence on prepared instructions. The computer performs only what it is programmed to do and nothing else. Inability to derive meanings from objects. A computer does not have feelings. Inability to generate information. It needs someone to feed the data for processing. A computer is nothing more than a piece of electronic equipment that can be manipulated by humans to achieve its goals. It cannot correct wrong instructions. A computer generally cannot detect and cannot correct on its own. It does not have the common sense to correct the incorrect data, but it can inform you that there is an error. BENEFITS OF COMPUTERS Easier research Multi-language translation Better gaming and entertainment Online tutoring Easier to communicate Makes business better Makes it easier to shop