Introduction to Anatomy PDF

Introduction to anatomy, anatomical terms and positions  Objectives Definition Approaches to study anatomy Organ systems of the body Subdivisions of anatomy Anatomical position Anatomical planes Anatomical terms Body cavities ...

Introduction to anatomy, anatomical terms and positions  Objectives Definition Approaches to study anatomy Organ systems of the body Subdivisions of anatomy Anatomical position Anatomical planes Anatomical terms Body cavities  Anatomy Study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another Identification and description of the structures of living things Word anatomy is derived from a Greek word anatome - cutting up Ana – up or through Tome – cutting Studies of anatomy have involved cutting up or dissecting organisms  Approaches to study anatomy Two main approaches – Regional or topographical anatomy – Systemic anatomy Regional anatomy: Study one region of the body at a time and learn everything about the region Study of the structures such as bones, joints, muscles, blood vessels, nerves and organs and their relationship to each other in one region of the body  Regional anatomy To study the regional anatomy, the body is divided into many regions Head Neck Trunk – thorax and abdomen Upper limbs Lower limbs  Systemic anatomy Study of one body systems at a time Human body systems or Organ systems: A group of related organs is an organ system Digestive system, Urinary system Reproductive system, Endocrine system Respiratory system, Cardio-vascular system Nervous system, Skeletal system, Muscular system Integumentary system, Lymphatic system  Anatomical Organization Cells – smallest unit of life eg muscle cells, nerve cells, bone cells Tissues - group of similar cells performing a common function. eg Muscle tissue -consists of muscle cells Organs - group of different kinds of tissues working together to perform a particular activity. eg heart is an organ composed of muscle, nervous, connective, and epithelial tissues Organ Systems - two or more organs working together to accomplish a particular task eg digestive system Organism  Cardiovascular system Includes heart, blood and blood vessels (arteries and veins) Concerned with pumping and channeling blood to and from the body and lungs To transport nutrients, gases (such as oxygen and CO2), hormones and wastes through the body  Digestive system Includes mouth (oral cavity), pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas Concerned with digestion and processing the food Breakdown and absorb nutrients that are necessary for growth and maintenance Vincent Rodrigues  Urinary system Includes kidneys, Kidney ureters, urinary bladder and urethra Filter out cellular Ureter wastes, toxins and excess water or nutrients from the Urinary circulatory system bladder Involved in fluid Urethra balance, electrolyte balance and excretion of urine.  Respiratory system Includes the organs used for Nose breathing - nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and diaphragm. To provide gas exchange between the blood and the environment Bronchus  Endocrine system Composed of a group of endocrine glands that integrate and control the metabolic activities of body by producing chemical regulatory substances called hormones Includes pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, testis, ovary  Reproductive system Includes the sex organs such as – Ovaries, fallopian tubes (uterine tubes), uterus, vagina, mammary glands in females – Testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and penis in males Organs which work together for the purpose of reproduction Female reproductive organs Male reproductive organs Bulbourethral glands  Nervous system Brain Consists of 2 parts: Central nervous system – which includes brain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous system - which includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves Relay electrical signals (impulses) through the body Directs behaviour and movement Concerned with collecting, transferring and processing information Along with the endocrine system, controls physiological processes such as digestion, circulation, etc  Skeletal system Includes bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons. Provide support, shape for the body, to protect delicate internal organs Forms joints for movements Produces blood cells in the bone marrow, stores salts like calcium Gives attachment to the muscles  Muscular system Includes muscles Provide movement Contract to move limbs and provide the organism with mobility Control the movement of materials through some organs, such as the stomach and intestine, and the heart and circulatory system  Integumentary system: Includes skin, hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands Protects the body from the outside world and its many harmful substances Regulate body temperature, serves as a minor excretory organ, and makes the inner body aware of its outer environment through sensory receptors  Lymphatic system: Is a series of vessels and nodes that collect and filter excess tissue fluid (lymph), before returning it to the venous circulation It forms a vital part of the body’s immune defense Includes lymph, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus and spleen Structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream Help to filter harmful substances from the bloodstream Destroy and remove invading microbes and viruses from the body  Subdivisions of anatomy Gross anatomy (Macroscopic anatomy): Study of structures that can be seen with the eye (muscles, bones, organs) Study of gross anatomy involves dissection of cadaver In dissection, a scientist cuts open an organism and examines what they discover inside Microscopic anatomy: Study of structures that cannot be seen with the eye Need to use a microscope Learn about the structure of cells and how they relate to each other Histological techniques used – sectioning, staining and examining under microscope Cytology (study of cells), histology (study of tissues)  Subdivisions of anatomy Developmental anatomy (embryology): Study of development of an embryo from the single cell to complete human being Surface anatomy: Study of shapes and markings on the surface of the body as they related to deeper structures Essential in locating and identifying anatomic structures prior to studying internal gross anatomy Health care professional use surface anatomy to help diagnose medical conditions and to treat patients (visual inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation) Radiographic anatomy: Study of internal structures through radiographic films – xray, CT scan, MRI Clinical (applied) anatomy: Practical application of anatomical knowledge to clinical practice (diagnosis and treatment)  Anatomical position Position in which we study the body Person standing upright with – Head, eyes and toes directed forward – Upper limbs adjacent to the sides with palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body – Lower limbs close together with the feet parallel  Supine position: Prone position: Lithotomy position:  Anatomical planes Plane is an imaginary flat surface that passes through the body Sagittal plane: Divides the body or an organ into right and left parts Median or midsagittal plane: Divides the body into 2 equal portions Parasagittal plane: Divides the body into 2 unequal portions  Anatomical planes Coronal (frontal) plane: Divides the body or an organ into front and back portions Transverse (horizontal) plane: Divides the body or an organ into upper and lower portions Oblique plane: Combination of other planes  Anatomical terms Superior (cranial) - above – Toward the head or upper part of a structure – Nose lies superior to mouth Inferior (caudal) – below – Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure – Stomach lies inferior to heart Anterior (ventral) – in front – Toward or at the front – Sternum is anterior to heart Posterior (dorsal) – behind – Toward or at the back – Brain is posterior to forehead  Anatomical terms Medial: toward the midline of the body – Eye lies medial to the ear Lateral: away from the midline of the body – Ear lies lateral to the eye Proximal: closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk – Knee is proximal to ankle Distal: away from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk – Wrist lies distal to elbow  Anatomical terms Superficial (external) – Toward the body surface – Skin is superficial to the muscles Deep (internal) – Away from the body surface, more internal – Teeth lie deep to the lips Ipsilateral – On the same side – Right hand and right foot are ipsilateral Contralateral – On opposite sides – Right hand and left foot are contralateral  Anatomical terms related to movements Flexion: movement by which the angle of a joint is decreased Extension: movement by which the angle of a joint is increased Lateral flexion: movement of trunk in coronal plane  Anatomical terms related to movements Adduction: movement toward the midline of the body (central axis) Abduction: movement away from the midline of the body (central axis) Medial rotation: rotation toward the medial side of the body Lateral rotation: rotation towards the lateral side of the body Circumduction: combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction movements  Anatomical terms related to movements Pronation: movement of forearm, where the palm is turned downwards Supination: movement of forearm, where the palm is turned upwards Inversion: movement of foot, where the sole of the foot is directed medially Eversion: movement of foot, where the sole of the foot is directed laterally Protraction: to move forward Retraction: to move backward Elevation: move a part superiorly Depression: move a part inferiorly  Cavities of the body Cranial cavity Situated in the skull Major contents: Brain, meninges (coverings), cerebro-spinal fluid Vertebral cavity or vertebral canal Situated in the vertebral column Major contents: Spinal cord, meninges (coverings), cerebro- spinal fluid Thoracic cavity Situated in the thorax Major contents: heart, lungs  Abdominopelvic cavity Situated in the abdomen Has 2 parts - abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity Abdominal cavity: Major contents: stomach, small intestine, most of the large intestine, liver, pancreas, spleen, suprarenal (adrenal) glands, kidneys, parts of ureters, large vessels such as abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava and portal vein  Pelvic cavity Situated in the pelvis Is the lower part of abdominopelvic cavity Major contents: parts of large intestine, urinary bladder, ureters, urethra, male and female reproductive organs