Intro Psych Midterm Study Guide PDF

Intro Psych Midterm Study Guide: 1. Why do we use the scientific method-Remove researcher bias and create a repeatable process to prove reliability 2. What is psychology-The science of human behavior and mental processes 3. What is multiple sclerosis-Deterioration of the myelin s...

Intro Psych Midterm Study Guide: 1. Why do we use the scientific method-Remove researcher bias and create a repeatable process to prove reliability 2. What is psychology-The science of human behavior and mental processes 3. What is multiple sclerosis-Deterioration of the myelin sheath 4. What is the difference between an agonist and antagonist-Agonists increase activity of neurotransmitters and antagonists decrease them 5. What are the different stages of sleep-4 stages a. What are some of the key characteristics of the different stages- stage 1=hypnagogic twitch stage 2=sleep spindles stage 3=delta waves and deep sleep stage 4=REM sleep and dreaming 6. What are the structures of the limbic system-Amygdala, Hypothalamus, Hippocampus 7. What is linear perspective-Parallel lines moving away from us appear to converge because of what depth perception cue 8. How much of the body’s blood supply does the brain use-20% 9. What are the functions of glial cells-Aid in determining which neural connections get stronger or weaker over time, Provide neurons with insulation, Take away(clean up) waste products created by neuron 10. What is the maximum rate of firing of a neuron without the volley principle? What about with?- without=1,000 times per second with= 5,000 times per second 11. What are the 3 types of neurons-motor, sensory, interneuron 12. What is social desirability bias-type of response bias that is the tendency of survey respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others 13. What are the 3 components of emotion-cognitive, behavioral, physiological 14. What is true if the correlation coefficient is zero-no correlation exists between the two variables 15. What is accommodation-The process of focusing light waves from objects of different distances directly on the retina 16. What is the purpose of sensory adaptation-To detect environmental changes more readily and ignore things that have been consistently present that are likely not a danger 17. What is transduction-process by which you convert sensory information into electrical impulses 18. Which neurotransmitter is involved in the placebo effect-endorphins 19. Why are dreams high in emotional content but low in rational content-Because the frontal lobe is shut down and limbic system, amygdala, and hippocampus are active 20. What is a schema-a pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them. 21. What is the purpose of feature detector cells- specialized cells in the brain whose job it is to recognize the elementary features of visual objects and reassemble them into a whole image 22. How does an fMRI function-It focuses on the amount of oxygen brought to various parts of the brain; more oxygen=more active 23. What do Gestalt psychologists focus on-How the brain automatically organizes visual input into meaningful holistic objects 24. What is the difference between a positive and negative correlation-Positive is when the two variables shift in the same direction, either increasing or decreasing. Negative is when one variable increases the other will decrease 25. What are the parts of the neuron: Dendrites-bring information into the cell body. Cell body(soma) makes determination on if that information is important and needs to be passed on. If yes, electrical impulse is generated. Axon: conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body. Axon terminals-convert electrical impulse into chemical messages that can be sent across the synapse and communicate with other neurons. Node of ranvier= gaps in the myelin sheath. Myelin sheath=makes electrical impulses travel faster a. What are each of their functions 26. What is the difference between the opponent-process theory and trichromatic theory of color vision? Trichromatic= 3 types of ones blue, green, red-used when cones are processing a. Opponent-process: 3 pairs of cones blue-yellow, black-white, and red-green=used when ganglion cells, bipolar, or thalamic cells are processing 27. What type of issue can arise from damage to the somatosensory cortex-phantom limb pain 28. What do we mean when we say a sociocultural perspective of psychology- your behavior is influenced by the people around you (family, friends) and by the culture in which you are raised (religion, ethnicity) 29. What is needed to generate an electrical impulse in a neuron-the excitatory input outweighs inhibitory input by a sufficient amount 30. What is neuroplasticity-The ability of the nervous system to change its activity in response to stimuli by reorganizing its structure , functions, or connections after injuries 31. What is the only sense that does not pass through the thalamus- olfactory (smell) 32. What is a spurious correlation- occurs when two factors appear causally related to one another but are not. Can be caused by a third “confounding” variable 33. What is the bystander effect-individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim in presence of other people. 34. Nearsightedness leads to increased risk of what- Retinal detachment, Cataracts, Glaucoma 35. What are the different components of classical conditioning: UCS, CS, NS, CR, UCR 36. Humans can perceive wavelengths of light at what range-400-700 nm 37. What are types of physical difference might we notice in the brain of a more intelligent person-more folds and Higher glial-to-neuron ratios in the left parietal lobe 38. What numerical value correlates to a strong/weak correlation coefficient- closer to 1 or negative 1 is a strong correlation weak is closer to zero 39. What are the 3 components of a waveform- frequency, amplitude, wavelength a. What do they represent in terms of light and sound: amplitude tells us brightness of light and loudness of a sound. Frequency of a sound determines pitch 40. What are the 3 types of descriptive methods- Observational techniques, case studies, and survey research 41. What is the difference between white and gray brain matter- white is myelinated and gray is unmyelinated 42. What are the different theories of emotion: a. Cannon-Bard-Stimulus leads to simultaneous processing of physiological arousal, behavioral response, and emotion b. James-Lange-Stimulus leads to physiological arousal and behavioral response at the same time and then the feeling of emotion  c. Schachter-Singer-stimulus leads to physiological arousal and behavioral response, then cognitive appraisal and identification of emotion, and then emotional feeling 43. What is social loafing-phenomenon of a person exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when working alone 44. What part of the brain looks at the big picture? Right hemisphere Which part focuses on the small details-left hemisphere 45. What is the most effective type of conditioning- delayed conditioning 46. What is the difference between frequency theory and place theory- a. Frequency-frequency of the sound wave is mimicked by firing rate of hair cells across the entire basilar membrane b. Place-specific place along the basilar membrane, starting in the oval window, that will respond maximally to a certain frequency 47. Where do we process low frequencies in the auditory cortex? What about high frequencies-Low=near the front High=near the rear 48. What are the harmful effects of sleep deprivation-immune suppression, weight gain, accident prone, impaired concentration, hallucinations