Introduction to English Linguistics B - WS 2024/25 PDF

Introduction to English Linguistics B Session 1: Overview WS 2024/25 Prof. Dr. Alexander Haselow 1 Overview Grundlagenmodul Englische Sprachwissenschaft (ab WS 2024/25) 1. Introduction to English Linguistics A: UBL Language...

Introduction to English Linguistics B Session 1: Overview WS 2024/25 Prof. Dr. Alexander Haselow 1 Overview Grundlagenmodul Englische Sprachwissenschaft (ab WS 2024/25) 1. Introduction to English Linguistics A: UBL Language System, Forms and Structures 3 Points 2. Introduction to English Linguistics B: UBL English in Social Contexts 3 Points 3. Sprachwissenschaftliches Übungsseminar UBL (Language System oder Language Use) 2 Points MAP: Klausur 120 min (Introduction A + Introduction B) 2 Points Introduction to English Linguistics B 2 Prof. Dr. Alexander Haselow  Date Topic Readings 1 Oct 15 Introduction and overview Course Plan/ 2 Oct 22 Neurolinguistics A. LANGUAGE, BRAIN and MIND Yule 2022: Ch. 12 Topics 3 Oct 29 Brain anatomy Aphasia Language deficits Psycholinguistics Baddeley 2002 Language and memory Language processing 4 Nov 5 First Language Acquisition Yule 2022: Ch. 12/13 Acquisition Schedule Critical period Genie 5 Nov 12 Second Language Learning Yule 2022: Ch. 14 Transfer Interlanguage Contrastive Hypothesis 6 Nov 19 Language and Culture Yule 2022: Ch. 20 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Relativity Categories B. LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION 7 Nov 26 Pragmatics I Yule 2022: Ch. 10 Speech acts Conversational maxims Inferences 8 Dec 3 Pragmatics II Yule 2022: Ch. 10 Politeness Face Intercultural pragmatics 9 Dec 10 Pragmatics III Yule 2022: Ch. 10/11 Turn taking Adjacency pairs Pragmatic markers C. VARIATION IN LANGUAGE 10 Dec 17 Geographical Variation Yule 2022: Ch. 18 World Englishes: Models English and Globalization 11 Jan 7 Geographical and Social Variation Yule 2022: Ch. 18 Pidgins Creoles Language planning 12 Jan 14 Social Variation Yule 2022: Ch. 19 Social variables Sociolinguistic variables Class 13 Jan 21 Historical Variation Yule 2022: Ch. 17 Periods Types of Introduction tochange Englishin languageB Indo-Europ. Linguistics 14 Jan 28 FinalProf. exam 4 Dr. Alexander Haselow UBL: Requirements Unbenotete Studienleistung (UBL): 3 LP (=90 h work) Passing a final written in-class test (45 minutes, 3 x max. 20 points) Passmark: 40 / 60 points Introduction to English Linguistics B 5 Prof. Dr. Alexander Haselow MAP Introduction A + Introduction B Date: February 13, 2025, Time: between 11 and 14h Place: t.b.a. Introduction to English Linguistics B 6 Prof. Dr. Alexander Haselow Course Book/Texts 8th Edition For next week: Chapter 12 (Neurolinguistics) Introduction to English Linguistics B 7 Prof. Dr. Alexander Haselow Course Book/Texts For week 2 (Neurolinguistics): Ch. 2, pp. 18-25 Ch. 3, pp. 44-48 Introduction to English Linguistics B 8 Prof. Dr. Alexander Haselow Tutorials Courses by appointment with the tutors. Acelya Karabulut Dominik Kopka [email protected] Introduction to English Linguistics B 9 Prof. Dr. Alexander Haselow Topic 1 Neurolinguistics: Language and the brain Introduction to English Linguistics B 10 Prof. Dr. Alexander Haselow Neurolinguistics = the relation between language and neural activity in the brain. The study of the neural mechanims in the human brain that control the comprehension, production and acquisition of language. Introduction to English Linguistics B 11 Prof. Dr. Alexander Haselow  Neuro- The Human Brain A A neuron Cell body (soma) Dendrites ‘neuro’ = related B to nerves Track of nerve impulse (neurons) Axon Myelin Nodes of sheath Ranvier Nucleus Terminal buttons Figure 1.3 Basic components of a neuron. (From Ward, 2010, p. 18.) Figure 1.2 Two images from Brainbow. (A) The cerebral cortex of the mouse. (B) The hippocampus of the mouse. (Source: http://cbs.fas. message-receiving neurons are called synapses, from the harvard.edu/science/connectome-project/brainbow#.) Introduction to English Greek syn- Linguistics B (“together”) and haptein (“to clasp”). 12 Prof. Dr. Alexander Haselow A few years ago, a team led by Jeff Lichtman at Harvard University provided new insight into the tremendous complexity be directly reflected by a disproportionately large number of neural connections by reporting, for the first time, a highly of neurons. But, surprisingly enough, it turns out that the saturated—which is to say, extremely dense and detailed— The human brain: Dorsal/Apical view Dorsal/Apical view Front sulcus, pl. sulci = fissure, depression gyrus, pl. gyri = ridge, peak Left hemisphere Right hemisphere Back Fissura longitudinalis cerebri © McGraw-Hill Company Introduction to English Linguistics B 16 Prof. Dr. Alexander Haselow  The human brain: Lateral and sagittal view Lateral view Sagittal view 1. Cerebrum a a s s o ciated Are uage- h la n g wit ilities te d a b rela Lateral sulcus 2. Cerebellum 3. Brain stem Cortex Introduction to English Linguistics B 17 Prof. Dr. Alexander Haselow  Neuro- B. Gray matter Cortex: Sulcus 2-4 mm thick 14-16 billion neurons Gyrus (ca 19% of all neurons in the brain) plays a key role for language and many other cognitive abilities White matter D. Coronal cross-section of the cortex highlights its convolutions and e s the distinction between s gray and white matter. yru g yru tal al g n fro Introduction to English Linguistics B ntr marginal Prof. Dr. Alexander Haselow 18 tal ior ra- s -ce gyrus r pe sup e gyru pre su rus fro r y rio g nt e ral s al inf po y ru Neuro- neuro- = related to nerves (neurons) 1. 86 (100?) billion neurons in the brain (“hardware”) 10–15 billion neurons in the cortex 2. 1–200,000 synapses per neuron (connections, “relay stations”) 3. Transmission speed: 1 msec (average speed of signal transmissions) 4. 1018 transactions per second (variable) 5. Alternation of electric and chemical processes (changes in voltage, release of neuro- transmitters) 6. Plasticity of neural connections Introduction to English Linguistics B 19 Prof. Dr. Alexander Haselow Neurolinguistics Central sulcus Lateral sulcus Introduction to English Linguistics B 20 Prof. Dr. Alexander Haselow Neurolinguistics Localist representation: particular areas in the brain are associated with particular cognitive functions. 21 How do we know about functional areas in the brain? 1. Accident and clinical observation (e.g. Phineas Gage) 2. Post-mortem inspection of a patient’s brain (e.g. Broca) 3. Experiments and visualization techniques (e.g. fMRI, EEG) Introduction to English Linguistics B 22 Prof. Dr. Alexander Haselow Accident and clinical observation Phineas Gage (1823–1860) Introduction to English Linguistics B 23 Prof. Dr. Alexander Haselow Neurolinguistics: a) Passively viewing words c) Speaking words Visualization techniques b) Listening to words d) Generating words fMRI: functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Introduction to English Linguistics B 24 Prof. Dr. Alexander Haselow Next week Topic 1 continued: Neurolinguistics Introduction to English Linguistics B 46 Prof. Dr. Alexander Haselow