International Organization - Meeting 03 - Establishment & Development PDF

The Establishment and Development of International Organizations Department of International Relations Universitas Gadjah Mada https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-w1SbkpzV8 Motivations What motivates countries...

The Establishment and Development of International Organizations Department of International Relations Universitas Gadjah Mada https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-w1SbkpzV8 Motivations What motivates countries to establish international organizations? (Heywood, 2011) Federalism Functionalism Neofunctionalism Federalism (Heywood, 2011) Power distribution between the center and autonomous members. Forum to formulate decision among the members’ leaders. To avoid anarchy, members transfer some parts of sovereignty to the authoritative center. IO’s as instrument of solution to common problems (e.g. wars, pandemic, scarcity, etc.). Functionalism (Heywood, 2011) Believes that growing need to increase governing function can be better done collectively rather than individually. To organize or not to organize is depending to the degree of complex interdependence. The form of international organizations follows what function an organization to serve. Neofunctionalism (Heywood, 2011) Believes in functionalism’s basic principles of governing functionality of international organizations and the complex interdependence nature of international relations. However, the deepening and the broadening of the scope of cooperation is shaped by the spillover of initial cooperations.  States Interests (Heywood, 2011) Relative Gains Advantages or improvements of state’s power relative to other states. Absolute Gains Any advantages or improvements gained by a particular state without any regards of other state’s powers. Realist Theories (Heywood, 2011) Believes in relative gains of international cooperation. Realist scholars believe that international organizations are the extension of states’ powers. Governments pursue powers among all states, the most powerful ones can form hegemony. Hegemony used to influence international systems through international organizations. The effectivity of international organizations depend on the hegemons (Neorealism). Liberal Theory (Heywood, 2011) Believes in absolute gains of international cooperation (Heywood, 2011). International organizations are founded due to the collective interest of states or complex interdependence (Keohane and Nye, 1977). International organizations are projected as a referee to act neutrally when managing disputes (Heywood, 2011). Mutual interests of member states will help shape agreements. There is a possibility of deadlock, hence liberalism offers rule-based international organizations (Neoliberal-institutionalism). Critical Theories (Heywood, 2011) Challenges the material considerations or the rationale of the Realists and Liberals. Constructivism believes that international order is shaped by inter-subjective interactions between states/governments. States projects their roles by constructing identities of themselves and other countries. The constructed identities of member states will shape the form of an international organization. Feminist theories argue that the international system is reflecting masculinist approaches. Green theories argue international system is reflecting exploitation nature of human consumption and the tragedy of commons.