INTEGUMENTARY.pdf

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 1.) EPIDERMIS Outermost layer of the skin. Most of which is COMPOSITION OF THE composed of KERATINOCYTES. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Made of Kerat...

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 1.) EPIDERMIS Outermost layer of the skin. Most of which is COMPOSITION OF THE composed of KERATINOCYTES. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Made of Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelial. - SKIN - HAIR The epidermis is AVASCULAR = No supply - OIL GLANDS of blood on its own. - SWEAT GLANDS - NAILS 5 LAYERS OF THE EPIDERMIS. - SENSORY RECEPTORS A.k.a BA(sale)e, SPIN(osum), MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF THE GRAN(ulosum)ny, LUCI(dum), in the INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM CORN(eum)er. 1.) PROTECTION 1.) STRATUM BASALE (the only layer - Primary defense against without keratinocytes) microorganisms. - Known as Stratum Germinatum - Barrier against U.V Light - Deepest layer of the epidermis. Lies - Prevents dehydration close to the dermis. - Its attachment resembles a corrugated 2.) SENSATION box. - Receptors make it possible for the skin - Single layer of cells to perceive senses. 2.) STRATUM SPINOSUM 3.) VITAMIN D PRODUCTION - 8-10 Layers of multi-sided - Made possible by the skin's exposure keratinocytes that are COMPACT. to sunlight. - Provides strength & Flexibility - Needed for Calcium Absorption - Resulting stage of rapid cell production, 4.) TEMPERATURE REGULATION - Langherhans cell - The amount of blood flow and the activity of the sweat glands help 3.) STRATUM GRANULOSUM regulate body temperature. - Cells become flatter, more keratinized - A distinctive feature of cells in this 5.) EXCRETION layer is the presence of the protein - Amounts of waste products are lost keratin and membrane-enclosed through the skin. lamellar granules. 4.) STRATUM LUCIDUM SKIN - Layers of clear, dead keratinocytes. - The skin on the palm of the hands and SKIN - Retains water and other molecules in the soles of the feet. the body. It is a multi-layered organ with two - Any body part that’s exposed to great parts. friction. PARTS OF THE SKIN 5.) STRATUM CORNEUM - The outermost layer of the epidermis  - Has 20-30 layers of dead squamous cells filled with keratin. NERVE ENDINGS - Senses pain, touch, - The cells inside of this layer are pressure, and temperature. covered in lipids to prevent moisture loss. EPIDERMAL DENDRITIC CELL - Sentries - Accounts for 75% of epidermal (soldiers/guards) that alert your immune thickness system to a threat. DANDRUFF - Layer of flaking scalp, part of 2.) DERMIS the family of fungi. The “hide” Strong, stretchy envelope that binds the body together. CALLOUS - Formed when stratum corneum Responsible for structural strength. has frequent friction. 2ND MAJOR SKIN REGION, it’s an example PARTS OF THE EPIDERMIS of a dense skin tissue. KERATINOCYTES - Manufactures and stores Contains collagen and elastic fiber. the protein keratin. Contains FIBROBLASTS KERATIN - Intracellular fibrous protein that NERVE ENDINGS gives the hair, nails, and skin hardness and SMOOTH MUSCLE water-resistant properties. GLANDS AND BLOOD VESSELS HAIR FOLLICLES DESMOSOMES (Found in S.S) - Connects keratinocytes throughout the epidermis. 2 MAJOR REGIONS OF THE DERMIS MELANOCYTE (Found in S.B) - Produces 1.) PAPILLARY LAYER MELANIN - Superficial dermal region - Thin connective tissue layer MELANIN (Found in S.B) - Pigment that that contains the blood vessel. gives your skin some color. From yellow, to - Uppermost partition of the brown, to black. A protein that protects your dermis cells from UV Damage. Dermal Papillae or our projections that extend 2 TYPES OF MELANIN UP into the EPIDERMIS - EUMELANIN - Removes waste and regulates body Exists in black and brown temperature. - PHEOMELANIN - Rigid in fingers and feet (fingerprints) Appears reddish hue - Pattern is genetically determined MELANIN GRANULES - Cytoplasmic 2.) RETICULAR LAYER structure that carries the melanin pigment. - Deeper part of the dermis - 80% of the dermis MERKEL CELL (Found in S.B) - Associated - Attached to the subcutaneous with sensory nerve endings. layer - Collagen can be found here MERKEL DISC (Found in S.B) - Touch receptors of the merkel cell.  - Also contains deep pressure receptors called LAMELLAR - HEMOGLOBIN (Pigment in CORPUSCLES. pinkish-red blood cells) The crimson color of oxygen rich HYPODERMIS blood flushes through the transparent cell layers above. This is the color of HYPODERMIS - Foundation of your skin. our face whenever we blush. It’s located below the dermis. - Attaches skin to underlying muscle Found in RBC - Low RBC = and bones. Pale/Anemia - It also contains Loose and Adipose Tissues (a.k.a fat) ASSESSING SKIN COLOR AND - It’s ½ of your body fat. DISEASE FAT FOR FEMALE - 20-23% - REDNESS FAT FOR MALE - 13-25% Caused by fever, inflammation, or allergies. ELASTIC FIBERS - Fibers that give your skin elasticity when we are young. - PALE Caused by anemia or have low blood The DERMIS is abundantly supplied with pressure. blood vessels that play a role in maintaining body temperature. - CYANOSIS Caused by poorly oxygenated SKIN COLOR hemoglobin. This results in blue blood and complexion. SKIN COLOR Is determined by: Pigments - JAUNDICE Genetics produced when excess amounts of Blood Circulation bilirubin circulating in the Thickness of Stratum Corneum bloodstream dissolve in the subcutaneous fat. - MELANIN (Yellow, Reddish Brown, Liver Problem - Leads to yellowish or Black) skin Skin exposure to sunlight.stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin, - BRONZING People with darker skin produce more Addison’s disease - Kidney Problem melanin, whereas people with lighter skin have less melanin. - BRUISING Broken blood vessels. - FRECKLES - Accumulation of melanin APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN - ALBINISM - Absence of melanin - CAROTENE (Orange-yellow) A pigment abundant in carrots or leafy green vegetables or plants in general. Accumulates in the Stratum Corneum  HAIR AND HAIR FOLLICLES HAIR SHAFT - What we physically see from our hair. Flexible strand of keratinized cells. HAIR ROOT - Below the skin (scalp) HAIR FOLLICLES - (Folli = Bag) Compound structures. CUTANEOUS GLANDS - All EXOCRINE Serves a few minor protective GLANDS that release their secretions to the functions. skin surface via ducts. HAIR BULB 2 GROUPS OF CUTANEOUS GLANDS - Deepest portion of the hair follicle. Base of root. 1. SEBACEOUS (OIL) GLANDS - - This is where hair is produced. Found all over the body EXCEPT the HANDS and FEET HAIR FOLLICLE - Structure that develops from the 2. SWEAT GLANDS - Also called epidermis. But it pushes down until it SUDORIFEROUS (Sudor = sweat) reaches the dermis. These are widely distributed all over - Group of cells that surround the root the skin. and bulb. - Gives hair different shapes and TWO TYPES OF SWEAT GLANDS strands. a. ECCRINE GLANDS - HAIRS OR PILI Produces sweat. - Functions to protect our skin from Sweat compositions include: harsh UV Rays. - Water - Eyebrows and Lashes help protect - Sodium Chloride them from foreign particles. - Vitamin C - Hair in nostrils prevent foreign - Metabolic Wastes particles from entering the respiratory such as Urea, system. Ammonia, Uric Acid) - And Lactic Acid - HAIR GROWTH This acid accumulates during rigorous How is hair produced? physical activity. 1.) Produced in the hair bulb. b. APOCRINE GLANDS - Can > Hair bulb rests on blood vessels to be found in the axillary supply it with nutrients. (armpits) and genital areas. >Hair grows longer as cells are added to the base of the hair bulb.  NAILS NAILS - A scale-like modification of the epidermis. Corresponds to the hoof or claws of an animal. - Thin plate with layers of dead stratum corneum cells with hard keratin. HAIR FACTS NAIL STRUCTURE 1.) Testosterone and good nutrition promote hair growth. NAIL BODY: Visual part 2.) Hair growth has a cycle of active and NAIL ROOT: Covered by the skin resting phases. CUTICLE: Is your STRATUM CORNEUM Scalp: Hair grows for 3 years then stops for 1 that extends into the nail body. year NAIL MATRIX: Continuation of nail root, Eyelashes: Grows for 30 days and rests for 105 gives rises to most of the nail. days NAIL BED: Attaches to nail and is distal to - We lose 90 scalp hairs per day nail matrix. - Gray hair is the loss of fading melanin. LUNULA: Part of the nail matrix that is (Old age) white-ish and crescent shape that can be found - Male pattern baldness is from the loss in the base of the nail. of the hair follicle HAIR MUSCLES VITAMIN D PRODUCTION 1.) ARRECTOR PILI: Smooth muscle Vitamin D Production which is ACTIVATED that surrounds each hair follicle. by sunlight. - It contracts hair strands on end. > Precursor is carried by blood to liver where 2.) SEBACEOUS GLAND: Connected to it is modified. hair follicles. Produces sebum. > Proceeds to kidney which forms an active - Sebum: Oily substances that Vitamin D lubricate the hair and skin to prevent drying. SKIN > LIVER > KIDNEY > VITAMIN D 3.) ECCRINE SWEAT GLANDS: All Food sources of Vitamin D over the body. - Fish oils - Secretes water and salt. - Milk - Eggs 4.) APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS: Open - Butter into the hair follicle. - Found in the armpits and Helps in the absorption of calcium. genitals. - Thicker and rich in secretions. SKIN PROBLEMS - Active during puberty and causes body odor. 1.) FIRST DEGREE BURN  - Damages your epidermis - Redness, Swelling, Pain - Heals in 2-3 days without a scar - An example is a sunburn 2.) SECOND DEGREE BURN - Damages your epidermis & upper dermis - Redness, Swelling, Pain, Blisters - Heals in 2 weeks with scarring 3.) THIRD DEGREE BURNS - Destroys the dermis and the epidermis - Cherry red to black in color - Nerve endings are destroyed - Skin Grafting might be necessary for healing. SKIN CANCER - Most common cancer - Usually prolonged exposure to U.V Light - Fairer skin people are more prone to Skin Cancer. - Prevention: Limit sun exposure, sun screen, SPF 30 - 50 UVA is associated to malignant melanoma UVB is associated to cancer or sunburns TYPES OF SKIN CANCER 1.) BASAL CELL CARCINOMA - Affects Cells in the stratum basale - Removed by surgery 2.) SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA - Affects cells above stratum basale - Can cause death 3.) MALIGNANT CARCINOMA - Rare type but more deadly - Arises from melanocytes in a mole and can cause death