Information Systems 3 - Networking and Communication PDF

Information Systems INFORMATION SYSTEMS CHAPTER 3: NETWORKING AND COMMUNICATION  Learning Objectives  understand the history and development of networking technologies;  define the key terms associated with networking technologies;  understand the importance of broadband techno...

Information Systems INFORMATION SYSTEMS CHAPTER 3: NETWORKING AND COMMUNICATION  Learning Objectives  understand the history and development of networking technologies;  define the key terms associated with networking technologies;  understand the importance of broadband technologies; and  Introduction  Computers were seen as devices for calculations, storing data, and automating business processes.  In the 1980s, organizations began combining their once-separate telecommunications and information-systems departments into an information technology, or IT, department.  Computer networking really began in the 1960s with the birth of the Internet  A Brief History of the Internet ARPANET The internet began with the cold war between the USSR and the USA In 1957, the Soviets surprised the US with the launch of Sputnik This propelled the world into the space age.  A Brief History of the Internet  ARPANET In response to Sputnik, the US Government created the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) Its initial role was to ensure that the US was not surprised again in their intelligence in the Cold War with the USSR in response to Sputnik. The internet came from ARPA, now called DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency).  A Brief History of the Internet. In 1968, ARPA (center of computing research) requested proposals for a communication technology to link computers located around the country into one network. Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN) won the contract. In September, 1969, the ARPANET was turned on.  A Brief History of the Internet The Internet and the World Wide Web With time other networks came up and problems began, the networks could not talk to each other. Each network used its own proprietary language, or protocol  A Brief History of the Internet The Internet and the World Wide Web The invention of transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP). TCP/IP was designed to allow networks on different protocols to have an intermediary protocol that would allow them to communicate.  A Brief History of the Internet. TCP/IP became the standard protocol This the term Internet, meaning “an interconnected network of networks.” TCP/IP  Internet Vocabulary Packet The fundamental unit of data transmitted over the Internet Hub Network device that connects other devices to the network and sends packets to all the devices connected to it Bridge Network device that connects two networks together and only allows packets through that are needed  Internet Vocabulary Switch network device that connects multiple devices together and filters packets based on their destination within the connected devices Router A device that receives and analyzes packets and then routes them towards their destination. IP Address unique identifying number for every device that communicates on the Internet  Internet Vocabulary Domain name domain name is a human-friendly name for a device on the Internet followed by a Top-Level Domain (TLD) – Eg..com;.org;.net;.edu; etc DNS: “domain name system acts as the directory on the Internet, allowing for proper routing Protocol a protocol is the set of rules that allow two (or more) devices to exchange information back and forth across the network.  Some of the Devices Hub Bridge Router Switch  Growth of internet usage, 1995–2012 By the 1980s, more computers added to the internet, from government, academic and research In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee introduced the WWW to navigate the internet through hypertext (linked text) The first browser – the Mosaic came in 1993 for easy navigation of the internet. Growth of internet usage, 1988–2017  A Brief History of the Internet The Dot-Com Bubble In the 1980s and early 1990s, the Internet was being managed by the National Science Foundation (NSF). In 1991, NSF transferred its role to three organisations which commercialized the Internet. This began a frenzy online investments called the dot-com bubble  A Brief History of the Internet  Web 2.0 In the early years of the WWW, creating and putting up a website required a person with specific set of knowledge known as a webmaster to be able to know how to: 1. set up a server on the World Wide Web, 2. get a domain name, 3. write web pages in HTML, 4. troubleshoot various technical issues as they came up.  A Brief History of the Internet. New technologies provided a website framework for those who wanted to put content online. Web 2.0 applications provided the technologies for easy web creation Blogger and Wikipedia are examples web 2.0 applications They allowed anyone with something to say to do so without the need for understanding HTML or web-server technology.  The Internet Vs World & Wide Web an interconnected network of networks. Runs many services: electronic mail, voice and video, file transfers, and the WWW The Internet one piece of the Internet. Made up of web servers with HTML pages viewed on devices with web browsers. World Wide Web  The Growth of Broadband Internet access was done via a modem over an analog telephone line. A modem - “modulator-demodulator” - was connected to the incoming phone line and a computer in order to connect you to a network called dial-up. Speeds were measured in bits-per-second (bps), they grew from 1200 bps to 56,000 bps over the years.  The Growth of Broadband A broadband connection is internet connection with at least 256,000 bps, Most current connections today are much faster, measured in millions of bits per second (megabits or mbps) or even billions (gigabits). For the home user, a broadband connection is usually accomplished via the cable television lines or phone lines (DSL). Internet connections can also be made via satellite. Home Broadband vs Dial up, 2000-2013  Importance of Broadband access It impacts how the Internet is used, It allows increase usage allowing more of digital tools overall interaction Broadband Access to broadband technologies now considered a basic transforming the way human right by the we live United Nations,  Wireless Networking  Wi-Fi a technology that takes an Internet signal and converts it into radio waves. These radio waves can be picked up within a radius of approximately 65 feet by devices with a wireless adapter. Several Wi-Fi specifications have been developed over the years  Wireless Networking  Mobile Network Internet access on Smartphone devices through data networks included as part of the mobile phone network. Internet connections came with the release of the 3G networks in 2001 enabling smartphones and other cellular devices to access data from the Internet.  Wireless Networking Bluetooth Generally not used for internet connection Created in 1994 by Ericsson, intended to replace wired connections between devices. Ranges of about 300 feet and consumes very little power. Applications of Bluetooth include: 1.connecting a printer to a personal computer, 2.connecting a mobile phone and headset,  Wireless Networking VoIP A protocol called voice over IP, Enables sounds to be converted to a digital format for transmission over the Internet and then recreated at the other end. EG. Skype, Google Hangouts, etc  Organizational Networking LAN and WAN LAN is a local network, usually operating in the same building or on the same campus. WAN (Wide Area Network) a network over a wider area with locations in different cities or states.  Organizational Networking Client-Server Higher-end computers installed as servers, and users (Clients) on the local network could run applications and share information among departments and organizations. This is made possible with the advent of networking and local area networks, computers that work together to solve problems.  Organizational Networking Intranet A private network that is contained within an enterprise. May consist of many interlinked local area networks and also use leased lines in the wide area network.  Organizational Networking Extranet A private network that uses Internet technology and the public telecommunication system to securely share part of a business's information or operations with suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, or other businesses.  Organizational Networking Cloud Computing anything that involves delivering hosted services over the Internet. broadly divided into three categories: 1. Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), 2. Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) and 3. Software-as-a-Service (SaaS).  Summary The development of the Internet and World Wide Web, combined with wireless access, has made information available at our fingertips. The Web 2.0 revolution has made us all authors of web content. As networking technology has matured, the use of Internet technologies has become a standard for every type of organization. The use of intranets and extranets has allowed organizations to deploy functionality to employees and business partners alike, increasing efficiencies and improving communications. Cloud computing has truly made information available everywhere and has serious implications for the role of the IT department.