History of ARPA and Internet Development

Introduction to Information Systems

• Information systems encompass a vast network of interconnected devices and technologies.
• Computers transitioned from calculation tools to automation devices for business processes.
• In the 1980s, organizations integrated telecommunications and information systems departments under an IT department.
• Computer networking originated in the 1960s with the development of the internet.

A Brief History of the Internet

• ARPANET's creation response to the launch of Sputnik (1957).
• ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) aimed to provide secure communication between US research institutions.
• ARPANET later evolved to DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency).
• In 1968, DARPA sought proposals for networking technology.
• Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN) won the proposal to connect computers nationwide.
• ARPANET went live in September 1969.
• Development of proprietary protocols for early networks made communication difficult.
• TCP/IP protocol invented to allow networks to communicate regardless of protocols.
• TCP/IP became the standard protocol, allowing the term "internet" to describe the interconnected network.

Internet Vocabulary

• Packet: fundamental unit of data transmitted over the internet.
• Hub: network device connecting devices and broadcasting packets to all.
• Bridge: connects two networks, allowing only needed packets to pass.
• Switch: connects multiple devices, filtering packets based on destinations.
• Router: receives and routes packets to their destinations.
• IP Address: unique identifying number for every communicating device on the Internet.
• Domain Name: human-friendly name for a device on the internet followed by a Top-Level Domain (TLD).
• DNS (Domain Name System): internet directory for proper routing.
• Protocol: set of rules allowing devices to exchange information across networks.

Growth of Internet Usage

• Internet usage grew significantly over time from governmental and academic use to broader accessibility.
• Tim Berners-Lee introduced the World Wide Web (WWW) with hypertext in 1990.
• The Mosaic browser (1993) facilitated navigation of the internet.
• The dot-com boom was sparked by NSF's transfer of Internet management to commercial organizations (1991).

Web 2.0

• Early web development required webmaster expertise to set up servers, databases and domains.
• Web 2.0 technologies made content creation and website maintenance easier for everyone.
• Examples include Blogger and Wikipedia.

The Internet vs. World Wide Web

• The internet is an interconnected network of networks. Runs many services like email, voice communication, and file transfers.
• The World Wide Web is a component of the internet, using web servers to deliver HTML pages to web browsers.

The Growth of Broadband

• Early internet access relied on modems over analog phone lines.
• Modems modulated and demodulated signals to connect to dial-up networks.
• Broadband speeds measure in bits per second (bps), increasing drastically over time.
• Broadband connections deliver substantially higher speeds and utilize cable lines, DSL or satellites.

Home Broadband vs Dial-up

• Broadband internet access steadily gained popularity as dial-up access declined from 2000 to 2013.

Importance of Broadband

• Broadband internet usage impacts how people interact and use the internet.
• Broadband technologies revolutionize how we live and interact.
• Access to broadband is recognized as a basic human right by the United Nations.

Wireless Networking

• Wi-Fi converts internet signals to radio waves allowing wireless connections.
• The range of Wi-Fi signals is approximately 65 feet.
• Multiple Wi-Fi specifications have emerged over time.
• Mobile networks integrate data networks into mobile phone systems, providing internet access on smartphones.
• The 3G network release marked a major breakthrough in mobile internet access in 2001.
• Bluetooth is used for short-range connections, not for Internet access.
• VoIP (Voice over IP) converts audio signals into digital format for transmission over the internet. Examples include Skype and Google Hangouts.

Organizational Networking

• Local Area Networks (LANs) are small networks usually within a single building or campus.
• Wide Area Networks (WANs) encompass larger areas with nodes in various locations such as cities or even states.
• Client-server systems use servers for shared information access among users.
• Intranets are private networks within an organization, leveraging existing internet technologies.
• Extranets extend intranet access to authorized external entities like suppliers, vendors, and business partners.
• Cloud computing delivers hosted services over the internet, divided into three categories: Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), Software-as-a-Service (SaaS).

This quiz explores significant milestones in the creation of ARPA and the development of the internet. Test your knowledge about key events, technological advancements, and networking concepts from the early days of computer networking. Perfect for students and technology enthusiasts alike!