Information Technology Lecture Notes PDF

1 Information Technology DR. AMAL HAMADA  2 Grading  Grade Distribution:  Semester work * 40  Midterm Exam 20  Final Written Exa...

1 Information Technology DR. AMAL HAMADA  2 Grading  Grade Distribution:  Semester work * 40  Midterm Exam 20  Final Written Exam 40 =============================== Total 100 *Semester work = Assignments, Quizzes, Students Participation, Behavioral Attitude, and Attendance. Information Technology 13-Oct-24  3 Course Outlines  Computer System Components  Number Systems  Conversions between Number Systems  Applications of Number Systems  Introduction to Operating Systems (OS)  Introduction to Computer Networks  Introduction to the Internet of Things (IoT)  IoT applications in Healthcare Information Technology 13-Oct-24  4 Information Technology Lecture __ 01 Information Technology 13-Oct-24  5 Computer Definition  A computer is an electronic machine that can receive, process data, generate, and store output data (information) to solve problems or perform tasks Process Input(Data) Output(Information) Storage Information Technology 13-Oct-24  6 Data Vs Information Data Information Definition raw, unprocessed facts and figures without context the output of data that has been analyzed and structure or meaning on their own. given meaning and context, making it useful for decision- making or understanding. Nature(State) unorganized, unprocessed, and often lacks Organized, structured, meaningful relevance until it is interpreted Example numbers, text, images, measurements, symbols, or A summary, report, analysis other forms of input that a computer can process After processing the list of numbers 85, 90, 78, and 92, A list of numbers: 85, 90, 78, 92 you might derive the average score (information) of a Raw sensor readings: Temperature = 22°C, student as 86.25. Humidity = 65% Converting raw sensor data like Temperature = 22°C A collection of words: "car," "blue," "sunny," into a weather report such as "The current temperature "road" is 22°C, and it’s mild outside." Information Technology 13-Oct-24  7 Data Vs Information -Example:  Data:  In a database, a list of customer names and purchase amounts like John - $120, Mary - $80.  Information:  A processed report showing "Total sales for the day = $200" or "Average purchase per customer = $100." Information Technology 13-Oct-24  8 Computer System Hardware Software Computer System Data User Information Technology 13-Oct-24  9 Hardware  The physical part of the computer system.  Include all the system's tangible, mechanical, and electronic components.  Examples:  CPU, RAM, hard drives (HDD/SSD), input/output devices (keyboard, mouse, monitor), motherboard, network interface cards, and peripheral devices like printers. Information Technology 13-Oct-24  10 Software  The set of instructions, programs, and data enables the hardware to perform specific tasks. ▪ System Software: ▪ This includes the operating system (OS) and utility software that manages the hardware and provides services for applications. ▪ Examples: Windows, macOS, Linux, BIOS/UEFI, and device drivers. ▪ Application Software: ▪ These are programs designed for end-users to perform specific tasks, such as word processing, browsing the internet, or gaming. ▪ Examples: Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop, web browsers (Chrome, Firefox), video games. Information Technology 13-Oct-24  11 Data  This includes everything from text, images, and numbers to complex files like audio, video, and large databases.  Data can be raw (unprocessed) or processed into meaningful information that is stored and retrieved.  Examples of Data: ▪ Documents, spreadsheets, multimedia files, database records, user inputs, and configuration settings. ▪ Data can be stored in: o Temporary memory (RAM) during processing. o Permanent storage (hard drives, SSDs) for long-term use. Information Technology 13-Oct-24  12 Users  The individuals or entities that interact with the computer system.  They initiate commands, input data, and use the outputs produced by the system.  Types of Users: End-Users: These are the people who use applications on the computer to perform tasks (e.g., students, office workers). System Administrators: Manage and configure the system, maintaining its hardware, software, and security. Developers: Create software applications, debug issues, and modify system behavior. Power Users: Skilled users who often use the system for specialized tasks (e.g., developers, data scientists). Information Technology 13-Oct-24 13 Information Technology 13-Oct-24 Computer Hardware  14 Computer Hardware Input Units Output Units System Units Devices that allow users to Devices that allow the The main body of a desktop interact with the computer computer to communicate computer and houses the by providing data or the results of its processing internal hardware instructions to the system to the user or another components that process for processing system and store data. Examples Examples Examples Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Monitor/Display Screen, Power Supply, Motherboard, Microphone, Camera, Barcode Printer, Speakers, Headphones, Storage Units reader Projector, Plotter Information Technology 13-Oct-24 15 Information Technology 13-Oct-24 System Units  16 Power supply  Convert the alternating current (AC) from a wall socket of mains electricity to a low-voltage direct current (DC) to operate the motherboard, processor, and peripheral devices Information Technology 13-Oct-24