Infectious Diseases PDF

Infectious Diseases © Lisa Michalek  Pathogens Disease causing agents that have the ability to make you sick or even cause death They are found in the air and food and on nearly every object or person who you come in contact with  Uncontrollable...

Infectious Diseases © Lisa Michalek  Pathogens Disease causing agents that have the ability to make you sick or even cause death They are found in the air and food and on nearly every object or person who you come in contact with  Uncontrollable Risk Factors Heredity – Chromosomal traits and family history Aging – Vulnerability increases with age Environmental Conditions – Unsanitary conditions, drugs, chemicals, and pollutants Organism Resistance – Some pathogens are resistant to our body’s defenses and/or medical treatments  Controllable Risk Factors Stress Nutrition Physical fitness level Sleep Drug use Hygiene High-risk behaviors  Routes of Pathogen Transmission Direct Contact – Touching, kissing, sexual relations Indirect Contact – Touching an object that an infected person has had contact with Airborne Contact – Breathing in air that carries a pathogen Food-borne infection – Eating something that is contaminated by microorganisms  Routes of Pathogen Transmission Animal-borne pathogens – Animals can spread diseases through bites, feces, or by carrying infected insects into living areas Water-borne diseases – Transmitted from drinking water, from foods washed or sprayed with contaminated water, or from wading or swimming in contaminated streams, lakes or reservoirs Perinatally – Mothers can transmit diseases to an infant in the womb or as the baby passes through the vagina during birth  Bacteria Single-celled organisms There are several thousands of species, but only about 100 cause diseases in humans Most of the time it is not the bacteria that is causing the diseases, but it is the toxins that are produced by the bacteria They can be seen under a standard microscope  Bacterial Diseases Staphylococcal Infections – These bacteria are normally on our skin at all times and usually do not cause problems – When a cut or break in the skin occurs, the bacteria may enter and cause an infection – Acne, boils, styes (eyelid infections), wounds are common staph infections  Bacterial Diseases Streptococcal Infections – Causes strep throat and scarlet fever Pneumonia – One form is caused by a bacterial infection with the following symptoms chronic cough, chest pain, chills, high fever, fluid accumulation and eventual respiratory failure  Bacterial Diseases Legionnaire’s Disease – A water-borne disease with symptoms similar to those of pneumonia Tuberculosis (TB) – An airborne disease where bacteria infiltrate the lungs and cause a chronic inflammatory reaction – Symptoms include coughing, weight loss, fever and spitting up blood  Viruses Minute parasitic microbes that live inside another cell Over 150 viruses are known to cause diseases in humans Viral diseases are hard to treat because many can withstand heat, chemicals and large doses of radiation with little effect on their structure  Viral Diseases The Common Cold – There may be over 200 different viruses responsible – Carried into the nose and throat most of the time – Stress, allergies, and menstrual cycles appear to increase susceptibility  Viral Diseases Influenza (flu) – Symptoms include aches and pains, nausea, diarrhea, fever, and cold like ailments – In healthy people, it is usually not serious – However, when combined with other disorders, among the elderly, those with respiratory or heart disease, children under 5 the flu can be very serious  Viral Diseases Mononucleosis (mono or the kissing disease) – Symptoms include sore throat, fever, headache, nausea, chills, weakness or tiredness, lymph nodes may swell, jaundice, spleen enlargement, aching joints, and body rashes may occur – May be transmitted through body fluids but does not appear to be easily contracted through normal, everyday contact  Viral Diseases Hepatitis – Causes inflammation of the liver – Symptoms include fever, headache, nausea, loss of appetite, skin rashes, pain in the upper right abdomen, dark yellow urine, and jaundice  Viral Diseases – Hepatitis A (HAV) Contracted from eating food or drinking water contaminated with human feces – Hepatitis B (HBV) Spread through body fluids, usually during unprotected sex Can lead to liver disease or liver cancer – Hepatitis C (HBC) Some cases can be traced from people who share needles, blood transfusions or organ transplants Usually causes chronic infections and if not treated may cause cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer, or liver failure  Viral Diseases Measles – Symptoms appear about 10 days after exposure and include an itchy rash and a high fever and may lead to other problems such as rheumatic heart disease, kidney damage and neurological disorders  Other Pathogens Fungi – Multicellular or unicellular primitive plants that inhabit our environment – Many are useful providing food such as mushrooms and cheeses – Some produce infections Candidiasis (vaginal) Athlete’s foot Ringworm Jock itch Other Pathogens Protozoa – Microscopic, single- celled organisms that can cause disease Trichomoniasis – transmitted sexually Giardiasis – found in water Malaria – Via mosquitoes  Other Pathogens Parasitic Worms – Usually associated with eating raw fish – Cooking fish and other foods to high temperatures will kill the worms and their eggs to prevent infestation Pinworms Tapeworms  The Immune System Protects the body from potentially harmful substances Any substance that is capable of triggering an immune response is an antigen When invaded by an antigen, the body forms antibodies to destroy or weaken the antigen  Vaccines A vaccination consists of an injection of a dead or weakened form of a disease-causing microorganism. This organism can no longer cause the disease, but can still stimulate antibody production by white blood cells. This type of immunity lasts a long time.