Indian Darshanas PDF

Indian Darshanas What is Darśanam?  Dr̥śyate anena iti  Sāṅkhya,  Buddhism Darśanam. By  Vaiśesika,  Charvaka, which to be seen.  Nyāya,  Vyakarana  There are many darshanas in our  Mīmāṁsā,  A...

Indian Darshanas What is Darśanam?  Dr̥śyate anena iti  Sāṅkhya,  Buddhism Darśanam. By  Vaiśesika,  Charvaka, which to be seen.  Nyāya,  Vyakarana  There are many darshanas in our  Mīmāṁsā,  Agama Indian  Vedānta,  Yoga,  Jainism How these divided  Who believe that Vedas consist of the Ultimate Truth and is thus capable of dispensing human beings from suffering forever are known as the followers of āstika Darśana. Traditionally, there are six systems of āstika darśanas, viz, Nyāya, Vaiśesika, Sāṅkhya, Yoga, Mīmāṁsā, and Vedānta. Though they have dissenting views and approaches yet all of them, unanimously accept the authority of the Vedas.  On the other hand, those who drift away from the Vedic system of knowledge are known as the followers of nāstika Darśana. Within them also there is a subtle but important division. One group consists of Jainism and Buddhism. They also contend that the Ultimate Truth or Enlightenment can be attained, but there is no necessary condition of following the Vedas. All Darshanas highly depend on epistemology  What is epistemology?  A branch of philosophy that investigates the origin, nature, methods, and limits of human knowledge.  What does the knowledge?  The information, understanding and skills that you gain through education or experience  the state of knowing about a particular fact or situation  https://www.dictionary.com/browse/knowledge What is Jnānam (ज्ञानम)्  मोक्षे शिल्पे िास्त्रे च या ध ीः सा ज्ञानं विज्ञानञ्चोच्यते एषा वििेषप्रिवृ तीः  Mokṣe śilpe śāstre ca yā dhīḥ sā jñānaṃ vijñānañcocyate eṣā viśeṣapravṛttiḥ  It is of two types  Anubhava (Experience)  Yatharthanubhava (True Experience) & Ayatharthanubhava  Smriti (Remembering)  Yatharthasmriti (True Experience) & Ayatharthasmriti Anubhava (Pramana, (methods of knowing truly)  Anubhava is of many types  Pratyakshya (Sensual)  Anumána (Reflection)  Upamána (Similarity)  Shaabda (Verbal testimony))  Arthapatti (Inference)  Anupalabdhi] (Non-recognition) Nyāya  Nyāya was explained by sage Gotama in his text- Nyāya Sūtra. It specializes in the science of reasoning.  What is Nyāya?  PramānaiH Arthaparikshanam NyāyaH (Analysing any object with the Pramāṇas is Nyāya)  These sixteen are: pramāṇas (methods of knowing truly), prameyas (objectsof the true knowledge), saṁśaya (doubt), prayojana (utility, end in view), dṛṣṭānta(example), siddhānta (doctrine), avayava (member of a syllogism), tarka (logic),nirṇaya (conclusion or final decision), vāda (argument to discover the truth), jalpa (toargue just to win), vitaṇḍā (destructive criticism), hetvābhāsa (apparent, but not valid,reason), chala (unfair reply), jāti (false analogy) and nigrahasthāna (a ground ofdefeat in debate).  The Nyaya school of thought asserts that human suffering is a product of erroneous knowledge and developed a theory of fallacy as a means to identify errors in the logical progression of thought.  Gautama believed that while the aim of life is to seek everlasting happiness, one has to first prove to oneself beyond doubt, that such a state of reality exists, and then uncover the processes that can be used to grasp it.  The Nyāya system accepts Isvara as the ultimate cause of sṛṣṭi (creation), sthiti (maintenance) and pralaya (destruction) of the world.  He does not create the world out of nothing or out of himself, but out of the eternal atoms, space, time, ether, minds and Atmans. Vaiśeshika  Vaiśeshika Darśana was explained by the sage Kanāda. Its authoritative text is Vaiśesika Sūtra.  Again, akin to Nyāya, its aim is apvarga.  However, it specializes in sciences of physics or substance and predicates.  It adds seven more substances/ concepts to the sixteen concepts floated by Nyāya.  Vaiśesika adheres to the philosophy of atomism and pluralistic realism Padarthas as per Vaiseshika Sānkhya  The basic aim of Samkhya, as given in the very first verse of the Karika is to eliminate the three-fold “dukkha” (suffering):  Ādhyātmikam (internal)Physical – caused by the imbalance of the doshas – vata, pitta, kapha; fever; physical painMental – separation from loved one; inability to get rid of object of dislike; six enemies (shad-ripu) – lust, anger, greed, infatuation, arrogance, jealousy; fear; grief etc.  Ādhibhautikam (external) – caused by man, beast, birds, reptiles, plants and other inanimate objects  ādhidaivikaṁ (divine) – cyclone, tsunami, fire, plague, flood, famine etc. Sankhya  Some of the main themes that are presented in the Samkhya philosophy are:  Theory of causation (satkaryavada)  Concept of duality, two independent entities: Purusha (the consciousness principle) and Prakriti (non-conscious principle)  The theory of evolution of the material universe (25 elements, called “tattwas” – Purusha, Prakriti and 23 evolutes)The concept of liberation (moksha, kaivalya)Theory of knowledge (pramana)Concept of the three gunas – sattva, rajas and tamas 25 Tattvas Liberation as per Sankhya  The way to overcome this suffering is to develop a pure discriminatory wisdom (viveka) which will lead to the state of complete freedom (kaivalya).  In this state Purusha, who is free from any limitations of space, time and causation, is no more entangled with Prakriti and the intellect (buddhi) has become fully aware of this separation.  This is termed as liberation or self-realization. Schools in Vedanta (Uttara Mimamsa)  Advaita  Dvaita  Vishishtadvaita Vedanta Mimamsa Yoga:  Yujyate iti Yogah (By which it Pratyahara gets united with the Iśwara) Dharana Eight limbs of Yoga Dhyana Yama Samadhi (Samprajnata and Niyama Asamprajnata) Asana Yogasutra, Hathayoga Pranayama Pradipipaka are the famous texts Vyakarana Darshanam  One of the oldest darshanas.  िाग्िै ब्रह्म,  Vāc is of four types  परा  पश्यन्त  मध्यमा,  िैखरी Number of Different Pramanas