Introduction To Biotechnology Lecture Notes PDF

Dr. Manal Abouelwafa Badr University in Assiut Lecture 1 Biotechnology Department [email protected] 1 Lecture Sunday 11:0 Am– 1:0 PM (group B) Tuesday 11:0 Am– 1:0 PM (group A) Room...

Dr. Manal Abouelwafa Badr University in Assiut Lecture 1 Biotechnology Department [email protected] 1 Lecture Sunday 11:0 Am– 1:0 PM (group B) Tuesday 11:0 Am– 1:0 PM (group A) Room No. V 301 Assessment : 20% Tests / Reports 10% Midterm Exam 10% Oral Exam 60 % End Term Exam Textbooks: 1- Satyanarayana, U. (2005). Biotechnology, Books And Allied (p) Limited. 2- Nair, A. J. (2004). Basics of Biotechnology, Laxmi Publications. 2 UNIT 1: ❑ Genetic Engineering UNIT 2: ❑ Gene cloning and expression UNIT 3: ❑ Nucleic acid blotting and DNA sequencing. UNIT 4: ❑ Applications of genetic engineering. 3  Objectives Define biotechnology, and understand the many scientific disciplines that contribute to biotechnology. Provide examples of historic and current applications of biotechnology and its products. List and describe different types of biotechnology and their applications. Provide examples of potential advances in biotechnology. Discuss how medical diagnosis will change as a result of biotechnology and provide examples of how data from the Human Genome Project will be used to diagnose and treat human medical disease conditions. 4  Objectives Describe career categories in biotechnology. Develop an understanding of some important skills and training required to be part of the biotechnology workforce. Discuss hiring trends in the biotechnology industry. 5 What is Biotechnology? 6  What is Biotechnology? ▪ Biology + Technology ▪ Biotechnology is as old as human civilization ▪ Newly discovered discipline for age-old practices ▪ Wine and beer were prepared in as early as 6000 B.C. ▪ Old and new biotechnology 7 ▪ Biotechnology is the manipulation of living organisms and organic material to serve human needs. ▪ Using scientific methods with organisms to produce new products or new forms of organisms. ▪ Using living organisms, or the products of living organisms, for human benefit to make a product or solve a problem. 8 Historical Examples –Fermentation –Selective breeding –Use of antibiotics 9 ▪ Yeast in bread making and alcohol production ▪ Use of beneficial bacteria and (penicillin) to kill harmful organisms ▪ Cloning of plants and animals. ▪ Artificial insemination 10 ▪ Increase crop productivity, meat and milk production ▪ Bacteria that produce Insulin for treatment of Diabetes and other hormones. ▪ Modified bacteria that secrete enzymes to help dissolve oil spills in marine habitats. 11 Definitions of Biotechnology The use of microbial, animal or plant cells or enzymes to synthesize, breakdown or transform materials Ereky definition All lines of work by which products are produced from raw materials with the aid of living things. 1  What did these individuals contribute to biotechnology? Antony van Leeuwenhoek Discovered cells using a simple microscope ✓Bacteria ✓Protists ✓Red blood cells 13 Robert Hooke 1665 Invented the compound light microscope First to observe cells in cork 14 Louis Pasteur Describing the role of bacteria in spoilage and the scientific basis for-fermentation Created the rabies vaccine 15 Ernst Ruska Sir Alexander Fleming Invented the electron Discovered penicillin microscope 16 Gregor Johan Mendel 1863 Discovered genetics Austrian monk who conducted the first genetics experiments using pea plants in the mid 1800s. Often considered the founder of genetics. 17 18 19  Types of Biotechnology Microbial Biotechnology Agricultural Biotechnology Animal Biotechnology Forensic Biotechnology Bioremediation Aquatic Biotechnology Medical Biotechnology Regulatory Biotechnology 20 Based on this tree, can you become successful in the biotech industry only studying biology? No, you need to take many science courses including biology, computer science, chemistry, math (especially statistics). If you are not broadly trained, you will not be able to obtain a job in this growing field! 21  TYPES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Microbial Biotechnology:– Manipulation of microorganisms like yeast and bacteria Create better enzymes More efficient decontamination processes for industrial waste product removal Used to clone and produce large amounts of important proteins used in human medicine. 22 Agricultural Biotechnology United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization predicts by 2050, we will need to feed a world population of 9.1 billions! This requires raising food production by approximately 70%! 23  Plants more environmentally friendly that yield more per acre (genetically engineered) Resistance to diseases and insects. Foods with higher protein or vitamin content Drugs developed and grown as plant products 24 Animal Biotechnology Animals as a source of medically valuable proteins ✓ Antibodies ✓ Transgenic animals Animals as important models in basic research ✓ Gene "knockout" experiments ✓ Design and testing of drugs and genetic therapies Animal cloning ✓ Source of transplant organs 25