Immunology Workbook PDF

**Immunology Workbook** **Student name: Emily Harper** **Introduction -- ensure to access and read through pdf slides associated with this session** This workbook is to be used in conjunction with your sessions on Immunology. - The premise of the first session (Introduction to Immunology) is f...

**Immunology Workbook** **Student name: Emily Harper** **Introduction -- ensure to access and read through pdf slides associated with this session** This workbook is to be used in conjunction with your sessions on Immunology. - The premise of the first session (Introduction to Immunology) is for you to complete the tasks in a self-directed way - Work through each PowerPoint slide and follow the instructions - There are links to documents and research articles which will enable you to gain knowledge of this subject and to complete the tasks as you proceed - You are encouraged to use various methods of notetaking such as spider diagrams/pictures/tables to help you build up your Immunology notes - It is important that you complete and have your notes in preparation for the next session in order that knowledge of the subject matter is consolidated. You will need to complete the workbook to meet the **intended learning outcomes:** - Define immunology and recognise the terminology associated with it - Describe the natural defence systems of the body - Identify the components and functions of the non-specific (innate) and adaptive (acquired) immune systems - Differentiate between non-specific (innate) and adaptive (acquired) immunity - Recognise and list the cells of the non-specific immune system and the adaptive immune system Any queries, please contact Ms P Lazarou: lazaroup\@lsbu.ac.uk 1. **Read the following article up to (10 of 14) 'Antibody-mediated vs. cell-mediated immunity'** (15 minutes) An introduction to immunology and immunopathology Jean S. Marshall, Richard Warrington, Wade Watson and Harold L. Kim (2018) [An introduction to immunology and immunopathology (biomedcentral.com)](https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s13223-018-0278-1.pdf) 2\. **Research and make own notes/spider diagram/memory map on the organs and tissues of the Immune System** (15 minutes) [What are the organs of the immune system? - InformedHealth.org - NCBI Bookshelf (nih.gov)](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279395/) **[Primary organs]** -- Make specialised immune system cells; lympocytes. **Bone marrow;** - B lymphocytes remain in marrow to mature. - Most immune system cells are made and multiply in bone marrow. - Cells move to other organs through bloodstream. - Red bone marrow at birth actively creates immune system cells. **Thymus;** - T lymphocytes travel here and mature. - Full maturity in children, then slowly transformed into fatty tissue. - T lymphocytes coordinate innate and adaptive immune system processes. - T lymphocytes move through body to monitor surfaces of cells for any changes. **[Secondary organs]** -- Within these organs, cells of the immune system 'fight off' foreign substances. **Spleen;** - Stores various immune cells, when needed they travel to other organs via bloodstream. - Phagocytes act as filter for foreign substances. - Breaks down erythrocytes (red blood cells). - Stores and breaks down thrombocytes (platelets). **Tonsils;** - Stop foreign substances from entering body through oral and nasal cavity. - Contain a lot of white blood cells. **Lymph nodes;** - Act as filters. - Various immune system cells trap pathogens in lymph nodes to trigger production of antibodies. **Mucous membranes;** - Intestine plays essential role in defending. - Detect, mark and destroy foreign substances. - Stores information to react quicker next time. - Lines respiratory, urinary tracts. - Immune systems cells directly beneath mucous membrane. **[Worksheet 1)]** Notate and review the **[terminology associated with immunology]**: Continue to add to this when you encounter new terminology. You may use details from resources given/conduct own research +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Term** | **Meaning/definition* | **Example (some | | | * | given- add to these | | | | if relevant)** | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Microbe | Also known as | Bacteria, viruses, | | | microorganisms, | fungi, Protozoa, | | | organism of | algae. | | | microscopic size, too | | | | small to see with | | | | naked eye.\ | | | | Some may be | | | | pathogenic and others | | | | for health. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Antigen | Substance that can | Bacteria, viruses, | | | trigger an immune | chemicals, toxins, | | | response in the body. | pollen. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Cytokine | Small proteins | Interleukins, | | | important for | Interferons, colony | | | controlling growth | stimulating factors, | | | and activity of other | lymphokines, | | | immune system cells. | monotones. | | | | | | | Can speed up or slow | | | | down immune system | | | | response.\ | | | | Can occur naturally | | | | or produced in | | | | laboratory. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Antibody | Special proteins | **IgA (immunoglobulin | | | produced by activated | A**) 2 forms: | | Also referred to as | B cells, specialised | Secretory IgA is | | Immunoglobulin (Ig) | white blood cells, to | found in the linings | | | attack or weaken | of the respiratory | | | antigens | tract & digestive | | | (infection-causing | system, saliva, | | | organisms). | tears, and breast | | | | milk (colostrum). | | | Body can create new | Known as the | | | antibodies in | antiseptic paint of | | | response to pathogens | mucous membranes. Can | | | or vaccines. | activate the | | | (Immunoglobulin | complement system in | | | (Ig)). | the presence of | | | | lysosome to kill | | | | certain organisms. | | | | | | | | *Serum IgA* cannot | | | | activate complement | | | | system.\ | | | | \ | | | | **IgD (immunoglobulin | | | | D)** Low levels in | | | | blood and cannot | | | | activate complement | | | | system.\ | | | | Half of antigen | | | | specific receptors on | | | | B lymocyte membranes | | | | are composed IgD and | | | | supports cells | | | | maturation and | | | | activation. | | | | | | | | **IgE (immunoglobulin | | | | E)** Found in skin, | | | | lungs, mucous | | | | membranes; small | | | | amounts. | | | | | | | | Most attached to mast | | | | cells & basophils; | | | | cause release of | | | | anti-histamine in | | | | bloodstream. | | | | | | | | High levels found in | | | | those with allergies | | | | (hayfever, asthma).\ | | | | \ | | | | **IgG (immunoglobulin | | | | G)** Most common | | | | antibody in blood | | | | tissue/fluid (75%). | | | | | | | | Protects from | | | | diffusing toxins and | | | | spreading microbes.\ | | | | Mainly occurs in | | | | secondary immune | | | | response. | | | | | | | | **IgM (immunoglobulin | | | | M)** Largest of | | | | immune molecules; | | | | usually first | | | | antibody response in | | | | primary immune | | | | response; short | | | | lived. | | | | | | | | Blood and lymph | | | | system; large role in | | | | immune regulation. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Phagocyte | Immune cells, type of | Macrophages, | | | white blood cell, | monocytes, dendritic | | | capable of | cells, granulocytes. | | | surrounding a | | | | pathogen and | | | | engulfing it. | | | | | | | | Once trapped in the | | | | phagosome, it will | | | | them merge with | | | | lysosome or granule | | | | to form a | | | | phagolysosome, the | | | | pathogen is then | | | | destroys by toxic | | | | materials (enzymes, | | | | anti microbial | | | | agents). | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Proteins (in the | Large **molecules** | **Antibodies** | | immune system) | composed of one or | | | | more chains of | Signalling proteins- | | | **amino acids** in a | **cytokines** | | | specific order | | | | determined by the | **Complement** | | | base sequence of | proteins | | | nucleotides in the | | | | DNA coding for | | | | the **protein**. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Opsonins | Foreign invading | IgG antibody | | | organisms are | | | (Opsonize/ | targeted for | C3b molecule of the | | opsonisation) | recognition by | complement system | | | phagocytes -- promote | | | | phagocytosis. | | | | | | | | Coating pathogens | | | | with opsonins, | | | | proteins that help | | | | phagocytosis. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Phagocytosis | Process of certain | Neutrophil | | | cells, phagocytes, | phagocytosing a | | | ingest and engulf | bacterium. | | | other cells or | | | | pathogens. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Apoptosis | Type of cell death by | Also known as | | | which a series of | programme cell death. | | | molecular steps in a | | | | cell lead to its | | | | death. | | | | | | | | Used in early | | | | development to get | | | | rid of unwanted | | | | cells. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Antigen Presenting | Large groups of | Macrophages, | | cell | various cells, | dendritic cells, B | | | process antigens and | cells. | | | exposing them in a | | | | recognisable T cell | | | | form on the surface. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Complement system | Part of innate immune | 3 different pathways: | | | system response, | | | | playing an important | - Classical pathway | | | role in host defence | | | | and inflammation. | - Alternative | | | | pathway | | | Part of immune system | | | | that helps to | - Lectin pathway | | | eliminate/remove | | | | pathogens and damaged | (*we will go into | | | cells. | more detail in | | | | following sessions)* | | | Large number of | | | | plasma protein within | | | | bloodstream and body | | | | tissues, react with | | | | one another which | | | | results in series of | | | | responses from body | | | | to fight infection | | | | (lysis and | | | | phagocytosis of | | | | foreign and infected | | | | cells). | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | PMNs | A type of white blood | Examples: | | | cell (WBC). | Neutrophils, | | Polymorphonuclear | | eosinophils, | | leukocytes | First line of defence | basophils & mast | | | in response to tissue | cells. | | | injury, infection, or | | | | inflammation within | Function: They play a | | | body. | major role in the | | | | innate immune system | | | | -- first form of | | | | defence and protect | | | | the body. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **[Worksheet 2)]** **[Cells of the Immune System:]** (fill in areas with ? and those which are highlighted) +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | **Cell | **Type | **Whit | **Deri | **Diff | **Inna | **Func | **Main | | ** | ** | e | ved | erenti | te | tions* | target | | | | blood | from** | ate | or | * | s** | | | | cell | | into/ | Adapti | | | | | | (Y/N)* | | also | ve | | | | | | * | | known | immune | | | | | | | | as:** | system | | | | | | | | | ** | | | +========+========+========+========+========+========+========+========+ | Macrop | Mononu | Yes | Monocy | -Kupff | Innate | -Phago | Variou | | hage | clear | | tes- | er | | cytosi | s | | | leukoc | | | cells- | | s | | | | ytes | | turn | liver | | | -Destr | | | | | into | | | -Antig | oy | | | Phagoc | | macrop | -Histi | | en | old, | | | yte | | hages | ocytes | | presen | damage | | | | | when | --conn | | tation | d | | | | | they | ective | | to T | and | | | | | exit | tissue | | cells | dead | | | | | the | | | | cells | | | | | bloods | Derive | | -Recru | in the | | | | | tream | d | | it | body | | | | | | from | | other | | | | | | | larges | | phagoc | | | | | | | t | | ytic | | | | | | | white | | cells | | | | | | | blood | | by | | | | | | | cells. | | releas | | | | | | | | | ing | | | | | | | | | cytoki | | | | | | | | | nes | | | | | | | | | (there | | | | | | | | | by | | | | | | | | | initia | | | | | | | | | ting | | | | | | | | | inflam | | | | | | | | | mation | | | | | | | | | ) | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | Neutro | Granul | yes | myelob | Most | Innate | -Phago | Bacter | | phils | ocyte | | last | common | | cytosi | ia | | | | | | white | | s | | | | Phagoc | | | blood | | | Fungi | | | yte | | | cell. | | -Degra | | | | | | | | | nulati | | | | | | | Also | | on | | | | | | | called | | (disch | | | | | | | polymo | | arge | | | | | | | rphonu | | of | | | | | | | clear | | conten | | | | | | | (PMN) | | ts | | | | | | | | | of a | | | | | | | | | cell) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -Also | | | | | | | | | releas | | | | | | | | | e | | | | | | | | | burst | | | | | | | | | of | | | | | | | | | super | | | | | | | | | oxides | | | | | | | | | that | | | | | | | | | have | | | | | | | | | abilit | | | | | | | | | y | | | | | | | | | to | | | | | | | | | kill | | | | | | | | | many | | | | | | | | | bacter | | | | | | | | | ia | | | | | | | | | at | | | | | | | | | same | | | | | | | | | time | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | Eosino | Granul | yes | myelob | | Innate | -Degra | -Paras | | phils | ocyte | | last | | | nulati | ites | | | | | | | | on | | | | | | | | | | -Vario | | | | | | | | -Relea | us | | | | | | | | se | allerg | | | | | | | | of | ic | | | | | | | | enzyme | reacti | | | | | | | | s, | ons | | | | | | | | growth | | | | | | | | | factor | | | | | | | | | and | | | | | | | | | cytoki | | | | | | | | | nes | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | Basoph | Granul | Yes | myelob | | Innate | -Degra | -Vario | | ils | ocyte | | last | | | nulati | us | | | | | | | | on | allerg | | | | | | | | | ic | | | | | | | | -Relea | | | | | | | | | se | reacti | | | | | | | | of | ons | | | | | | | | histam | | | | | | | | | ine, | -Secre | | | | | | | | enzyme | te | | | | | | | | s, | antico | | | | | | | | and | agulan | | | | | | | | cytoki | ts | | | | | | | | nes | (hepar | | | | | | | | | in) | | | | | | | | | thus | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | promot | | | | | | | | | ing | | | | | | | | | mobili | | | | | | | | | ty | | | | | | | | | of | | | | | | | | | other | | | | | | | | | WBCs | | | | | | | | | by | | | | | | | | | preven | | | | | | | | | ting | | | | | | | | | clotti | | | | | | | | | ng. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -secre | | | | | | | | | te | | | | | | | | | antibo | | | | | | | | | dies | | | | | | | | | that | | | | | | | | | have | | | | | | | | | functi | | | | | | | | | on | | | | | | | | | agains | | | | | | | | | t | | | | | | | | | hypers | | | | | | | | | ensiti | | | | | | | | | vity | | | | | | | | | reacti | | | | | | | | | ons | | | | | | | | | in the | | | | | | | | | bloods | | | | | | | | | tream | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -hista | | | | | | | | | mine | | | | | | | | | releas | | | | | | | | | ed | | | | | | | | | in | | | | | | | | | respon | | | | | | | | | se | | | | | | | | | to | | | | | | | | | antibo | | | | | | | | | dies | | | | | | | | | which | | | | | | | | | dilate | | | | | | | | | s | | | | | | | | | blood | | | | | | | | | vessel | | | | | | | | | s | | | | | | | | | bringi | | | | | | | | | ng | | | | | | | | | more | | | | | | | | | immune | | | | | | | | | cells | | | | | | | | | to | | | | | | | | | area | | | | | | | | | of | | | | | | | | | injury | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | Mast | Granul | yes | Derive | Releas | Innate | Once | -Host | | Cells | ocyte | | d | ed | | activa | defenc | | | | | from | in the | Locate | ted- | e | | | (Granu | | bone | blood | d | releas | to | | | les | | marrow | and | at | e | parasi | | | are | | myeloi | only | bounda | wide | tic | | | rich | | d | mature | ries | variet | | | | in | | stem | once | betwee | y | Infect | | | histam | | cell | recrui | n | of | ion | | | ine | | | ted | the | inflam | | | | and | | | into | tissue | matory | -Aller | | | hepari | | | the | and | mediat | gic | | | n) | | | tissue | outsid | ors | reacti | | | | | | where | e | (cytok | on | | | | | | final | enviro | ines) | | | | | | | differ | nment. | from | | | | | | | entiat | | variou | | | | | | | ion | | s | | | | | | | takes | | antige | | | | | | | place | | ns: | | | | | | | (speci | | allerg | | | | | | | fic | | ens, | | | | | | | to | | pathog | | | | | | | destin | | ens | | | | | | | ation | | and | | | | | | | site) | | physio | | | | | | | | | logica | | | | | | | | | l | | | | | | | | | mediat | | | | | | | | | ors | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | Dendri | Mononu | yes | Derive | | **Link | -Most | -Captu | | tic | clear | | d | | ** | potent | re | | Cells | leukoc | | from | | innate | type | and | | | ytes | | monocy | | and | of | proces | | | | | tes. | | adapti | antige | s | | | | | | | ve | n-pres | antige | | | | | Found | | immuni | enting | ns | | | | | in | | ty- | cells | | | | | | | | act as | | | | | | | Nodes | | Messen | -key | | | | | | and | | gers | regula | | | | | | Spleen | | betwee | tor | | | | | | | | n | of | | | | | | | | the | immune | | | | | | | | two. | system | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -Switc | | | | | | | | | h | | | | | | | | | on | | | | | | | | | cell | | | | | | | | | surfac | | | | | | | | | e | | | | | | | | | recept | | | | | | | | | ors | | | | | | | | | which | | | | | | | | | activa | | | | | | | | | te | | | | | | | | | immatu | | | | | | | | | re | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | T | | | | | | | | | cells | | | | | | | | | and | | | | | | | | | stimul | | | | | | | | | ate | | | | | | | | | growth | | | | | | | | | and | | | | | | | | | differ | | | | | | | | | entiat | | | | | | | | | ion | | | | | | | | | of B | | | | | | | | | cells | | | | | | | | | to | | | | | | | | | kick | | | | | | | | | start | | | | | | | | | the | | | | | | | | | adapti | | | | | | | | | ve | | | | | | | | | immune | | | | | | | | | respon | | | | | | | | | se. | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | Lympho | Mononu | Yes | Lympho | Differ | Most | -T | -Th | | cytes | clear | | blast | entiat | adapti | Helper | cells: | | | leukoc | | | e | ve | cells | intrac | | (**T** | ytes | | Mature | into | immune | (Th) | ellula | | Cells) | | | in the | antige | respon | | r | | | | | thymas | n-spec | ses | (CD4+) | bacter | | | | |. | ific | are | immune | ia | | | | | | effect | trigge | respon | | | | | | | or | red | se | -Cytot | | | | | | cell | when a | mediat | oxic | | | | | | | recirc | ors | T | | | | | | T | ulatin | | cells: | | | | | | Helper | g | -Cytot | virus | | | | | | cells | T cell | oxic | infect | | | | | | (Th) | recogn | T | ed | | | | | | | izes | cells | and | | | | | | Cytoto | its | (CD8+) | tumour | | | | | | xic | specif | cell | cells | | | | | | T | ic | destru | | | | | | | cells | antige | ction | -Natur | | | | | | | n | | al | | | | | | | on the | Mainly | Killer | | | | | | | surfac | involv | cells: | | | | | | | e | ed | virus | | | | | | | of a | with | infect | | | | | | | dendri | | ed | | | | | | | tic | Cell-m | and | | | | | | | cell. | ediate | tumour | | | | | | | | d | cells | | | | | | | | immuni | | | | | | | | | ty | | | | | | | | | (indep | | | | | | | | | endent | | | | | | | | | of B | | | | | | | | | cells) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | T | | | | | | | | | cells | | | | | | | | | essent | | | | | | | | | ial | | | | | | | | | for | | | | | | | | | helpin | | | | | | | | | g | | | | | | | | | B | | | | | | | | | cells | | | | | | | | | respon | | | | | | | | | d | | | | | | | | | to | | | | | | | | | antige | | | | | | | | | n. | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | Lympho | Mononu | Yes | Lympho | Differ | Adapti | -Plasm | -Forei | | cytes | clear | | blast | entiat | ve, | a | gn | | | leukoc | | | e | humora | cells: | antige | | (**B** | ytes | | Mature | into: | l/anti | produc | ns | | cells) | | | in the | | body | tion | | | | | | bone | -Plasm | mediat | of | | | | | | marrow | a | ed | antibo | | | | | |. | cells: | respon | dies | | | | | | | antibo | se. | | | | | | | | dy-sec | | -Memor | | | | | | | reting | | y | | | | | | | cells | | cells: | | | | | | | and, | | second | | | | | | | | | ary | | | | | | | -Memor | | immune | | | | | | | y | | respon | | | | | | | (effec | | se | | | | | | | tor) | | | | | | | | | cells | | | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ **[Task: Distinctions between innate and acquired immunity]** **[Characteristic]** **[Innate immunity]** **[Adaptive immunity]** ----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ------------------------------------- **[Specific/non specific]** **[Time]** **[Antigen dependant]** **[Memory]** **[Worksheet 3)]** **Describe the [barriers of the innate immune system]. Give the mechanism and example for each barrier.** **Which barriers are associated with the [oral cavity]?** +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Description | **Barrier** | **Mechanism** | **Example** | | of barrier** | | | | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | **Anatomic:** | - Skin | Initial | All over the | | | | mechanical | body- | | | | barrier- stops | externally | | | | influx of | | | | | pathogens | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | - Mucous | Physical | Mucous | | | membrane | barrier. | membranes all | | | | | over the body. | | | | Mucous traps | | | | | foreign | - Oral cavity | | | | particles. | | | | | | - Nasal | | | | Cilia within | cavity | | | | lungs to move | | | | | microbes out of | - Respiratory | | | | body. | tract | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Physiological | - Temperature | Fevers activate | Body | | :** | | immune cells | | | | | such as natural | | | | | killer cells, | | | | | dendritic | | | | | cells, | | | | | macrophages, T | | | | | and B | | | | | lymphocytes, | | | | | neutrophils). | | | | | | | | | | Help stop | | | | | growth of | | | | | pathogens that | | | | | grow better at | | | | | lower | | | | | temperatures. | | | | | | | | | | Protect the | | | | | body's own | | | | | cells from | | | | | antibodies | | | | | released. | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | - Low pH | Acidic pH | Hydrochloric | | | | regulates gene | acid - stomach | | | | specific | | | | | inflammatory | | | | | response in | | | | | macrophages. | | | | | | | | | | Acidic pH kills | | | | | most undigested | | | | | bacteria. | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | - Chemical | Lysozyme | Saliva | | | mediators | affects | | | | | microbial | Tears | | | | growth and | | | | | breaks down | Nasal | | | | polysaccharides | secretions | | | | of bacteria | | | | | cell walls. | | | | | | | | | | Salivary | | | | | immunoglobulins | | | | | IgA, IgM, IgG. | | | | | | | | | | Anti microbial | | | | | peptides found | | | | | in saliva. | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Phagocytic/en | - e.g. | Break down of | Pathogen | | docytic** | macrophages | foreign | targeted sites | | | | substances. | within body. | | | - dendritic | | | | | cells | Engulf and | | | | | digest of whole | | | | - neutrophils | foreign | | | | | substances/orga | | | | | nisms. | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Inflammatory* | - e.g. | Protects from | Site of | | * | recruitment | pathogens and | trauma/damage; | | | of blood | tissue damage. | internal or | | | leucocytes | | external. | | | | Uses pathogen | | | | - release of | recognition | | | | cytokines | receptors | | | | and | (PRRs) to | | | | chemokines | detect | | | | | pathogens and | | | | - histamine | trigger | | | | | inflammatory | | | | | response. | | | | | | | | | | Promote | | | | | vascular fluid | | | | | to leak | | | | | containing | | | | | antibacterial | | | | | proteins, | | | | | causing influx | | | | | of phagocytes | | | | | cells to | | | | | infection site. | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ Barriers associated with oral cavity = - Oral mucosa cells - Macrophages - Saliva - Tonsils - Periodontium -- inflammatory - Secretory IgA