Intro to immunology hard

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Questions and Answers

Which immunoglobulin is characterized as the most common antibody in blood tissue and fluid?

IgG (correct)

IgE

IgA

IgM

What is the primary function of IgG in the immune system?

Activate the complement system

Induce apoptosis in infected cells

Protect from diffusing toxins and spreading microbes (correct)

Stimulate lymphocyte proliferation

Which immunoglobulin is typically the first antibody produced during the primary immune response?

IgE

IgG

IgM (correct)

IgA

Which type of immune cells are known as phagocytes?

Macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, and granulocytes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes IgM from other immunoglobulins?

It is the largest immune molecule. (A) Signup and view all the answers

In which immune response is IgG mainly involved?

Secondary immune response (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are known to derive from monocytes?

Dendritic cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure acts as a key regulator between different components of the immune system?

Lymph nodes (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity do dendritic cells primarily facilitate?

Adaptive immunity (D) Signup and view all the answers

What do dendritic cells present to lymphocytes to activate them?

Antigens (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of antigen-presenting cells in the immune system?

To capture and process antigens (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where are dendritic cells predominantly found within the body?

Lymph nodes and spleen (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune cells are derived from leukocytes?

Dendritic cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which process do dendritic cells facilitate that is crucial for immunity?

Antigen processing and presentation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of antigens do dendritic cells specifically present?

Pathogen-specific antigens (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which immunoglobulin has low levels in blood and cannot activate the complement system?

IgD (D) Signup and view all the answers

Where is IgE primarily found in the body?

Skin, lungs, and mucous membranes (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which immunoglobulin supports B lymphocyte maturation and activation?

IgD (C) Signup and view all the answers

What cells are most likely to have IgE attached to them?

Mast cells and basophils (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of IgA?

Killing certain organisms via lysosome presence (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which immunoglobulin can be described as being present in small amounts?

IgE (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which immunoglobulin is known for its inability to activate the complement system?

IgD (A) Signup and view all the answers

Half of the antigen-specific receptors on B lymphocyte membranes are composed of which immunoglobulin?

IgD (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of anti-histamine released by mast cells and basophils?

To counteract allergic symptoms (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which immunoglobulin is important for mucosal immunity?

IgA (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of opsonins in relation to pathogens?

To assist in the process of phagocytosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of this workbook in relation to immunology?

To provide self-directed learning and preparation for sessions (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes phagocytosis?

The ingestion and engulfing of cells or pathogens (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the innate immune system?

It provides immediate but non-specific responses. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of apoptosis?

It involves a series of molecular steps (B) Signup and view all the answers

What role does bone marrow play in the immune system?

It generates and multiplies immune system cells. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What process do antigen presenting cells perform?

Processing antigens and exposing them in a recognizable form (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which cell types are recognized as antigen presenting cells?

Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the differentiation between innate and adaptive immunity?

Adaptive immunity is slower but provides targeted responses. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are lymphocytes primarily responsible for in the immune system?

Maturing into pathogen-fighting cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one function of neutrophils in the immune response?

To phagocytose bacteria (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does phagocytosis contribute to the immune system?

It directly engulfs and digests pathogens to eliminate them (A) Signup and view all the answers

In researching the organs and tissues of the immune system, which organ is directly involved in the maturation of B lymphocytes?

Bone marrow (A) Signup and view all the answers

During early development, why is apoptosis important?

To remove excess and unwanted cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of the adaptive immune system?

Presence of memory cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about opsonins is accurate?

They facilitate the identification and engulfing of pathogens (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a task mentioned for students preparing their notes?

Memorize all the content verbatim for examinations (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is mainly produced and multiplied in bone marrow?

B lymphocytes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What effect does successful phagocytosis have on pathogens?

It eliminates the pathogen from the host (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized for students to help build their immunology notes?

Using multiple and varied notetaking methods (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Immune System Organs and Tissues

Primary organs make specialised immune system cells - lymphocytes.
Bone Marrow:
- B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow.
- Most immune system cells are made and multiply in the bone marrow.
- Immune system cells travel through the bloodstream to other organs.
- Red bone marrow actively creates immune system cells at birth.
Thymus:
- T lymphocytes mature in the thymus.
- The thymus is active during childhood.
- After puberty, it starts to shrink and is replaced by fat.
Secondary organs:
- Spleen: filters blood and stores white blood cells.
- Lymph nodes: filter lymph fluid and contain lymphocytes.
- Tonsils and adenoids: trap pathogens in the mouth and throat.
- Peyer's patches: found in the small intestine and help with immunity to gut pathogens.
- Appendix: may help with immune system development, but its function is not fully understood.

Immune System Cells

Dendritic Cells:
- Derived from monocytes.
- Found in lymph nodes, spleen, and other tissues.
- Key regulators of the immune system, acting as messengers between innate and adaptive immunity.
- Most potent type of antigen-presenting cells.
- Capture and process antigens.
Phagocytes:
- A type of white blood cell capable of ingesting and engulfing other cells or pathogens.
- Includes macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, and granulocytes.
- Neutrophils are a type of phagocyte that phagocytizes bacteria.
Lymphocytes:
- B cells: produce antibodies.
- T cells: kill infected cells and activate other immune cells.
Apoptosis:
- A type of cell death by which a series of molecular steps in a cell lead to its death.
- Also known as programmed cell death.
- Used in early development to get rid of unwanted cells.

Antibodies

IgA (Immunoglobulin A):
- Found in mucosal surfaces, such as the nose, lungs, and gut.
- Prevents pathogens from entering the body.
- Cannot activate the complement system.
IgD (Immunoglobulin D):
- Found in low levels in blood and lymph.
- Cannot activate the complement system.
- Half of antigen-specific receptors on B lymphocyte membranes are composed of IgD and supports cell maturation and activation.
IgE (Immunoglobulin E):
- Found in skin, lungs, mucous membranes, and in small amounts in the blood.
- Most IgE is attached to mast cells and basophils, causing the release of histamine in the bloodstream.
- High levels are associate with allergies (hayfever and asthma).
IgG (Immunoglobulin G):
- Most common antibody in blood, tissue, and fluid (75%).
- Protects against diffusing toxins and spreading microbes.
- Mainly occurs in the secondary immune response.
IgM (Immunoglobulin M):
- Largest of the immune molecules.
- Usually the first antibody response in a primary immune response.
- Short-lived.
- Found in the blood and lymph systems. Plays a large role in immune regulation.

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Description

This quiz explores the primary and secondary organs involved in the immune system, such as bone marrow, thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes. Understand the roles these organs play in producing and maturing lymphocytes. Dive into the functions and importance of each component in maintaining immune health.