Immunology lecture 1 LO.pdf

You will be able to identify the fundamental characteristics of both the innate and adaptive immune systems and begin to understand how they must work in concert to protect the host from infectious diseases. Identify Wellness vs. Illness & provide examples of health interventions Wellness includes...

You will be able to identify the fundamental characteristics of both the innate and adaptive immune systems and begin to understand how they must work in concert to protect the host from infectious diseases. Identify Wellness vs. Illness & provide examples of health interventions Wellness includes phsyical, mental, and spiritual health Is an active process that is multidemionsal and holistic 3 forms of health interventions 1. Education 2. Preventation 3. Treatment Define the 4 Tenets of Osteopathic Medicine 1. The body is a unit and the person is a unit of Mind, body, and spirit 2. The body has an ability to heal itself, self regulate, and perform health maintaince 3. Structure and function are reciprocally interrelated 4. Rational treatment is based upon an understanding of the basic principles of body unity, self-regulation, & the interrelationship of structure & function Continue learning some basic key term vocabulary about the immune system Immune System- complex network of cells, tissues, organs, & substances they make that help fight infections & diseases Pathogen- Disease-causing or harmful microorganisms Epitope- smallest molecular structure recognized by a specific receptor. Ligand- any molecule or atom which binds reversibly to a protein Pattern-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)- molecules shared by groups of related microbes that are essential for survival of those organisms, e.g. lipopolysaccharide Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)- proteins capable of recognizing molecules frequently found in pathogens (PAMPs) Antigen- Material that can evoke immune response (e.g. microbe); collection of (sometimes) repeating &/or unique epitopes Antibody- immunoglobulin that specifically binds to a known ligand or epitope (usually used in terms of circulating Ig) Immunoglobulin (Ig)- diverse group of globular molecules found in blood & tissues; usually bound to B cells & plasma cells Immunological memory- once an infectious organism stimulates an adaptive response, subsequent encounters with that organism produce mild or even unapparent effects because of the rapid & enhanced action of antibodies or effector T cell Inflammation- Response to tissue damage; can be acute or chronic Tolerance- prevention of an immune response against a particular antigen; responses to future exposures can be diminished Be able to identify the two main branches of the immune system & their roles Innate - Fast, pre-established in the body, generalized, first line of defense Adaptive - Slow, more specific, contains memory, second line of defense Identify the cardinal characteristics of the innate immune response & adaptive immune responses & the relationship between the two Innate immunity generates two types of response - Phagocytosis, inflammation Innate immunity has two main outcomes - Pathogen elimination, chronic inflammation Adaptive immunity has three main outcomes - Pathogen elimination, immune memory, immunopathology Adaptive immunity generates two types of response - humoral (nonceullar) response and a cell mediated response The innate immune system uses (L/R) receptors that look for patterns and are the (same/different) in every person - L , same The adaptive immune system uses (L/R) receptors that can change or adapt and are the (same/different) in every person - R , different Each individual expresses __________ _________ receptors (innate immune system) and __________ ____________ receptors (adaptive immune system). - pattern recognition, somatically generated true/false: HLA & MHC are synonymous - True MHC class 1 found on all ________ cells - Nucleated MHC class II found on what type of cells? - professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) The main difference between MHC and HLA groups is that MHC is often found in __________ too, while HLA is only found in humans - vertebrates true/false: MHC I and MHC II are both found on APCS - True What are 3 types of professional APCS - Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B-Cells The immune system distinguishes cells and molecules that belong within the body (_____) from those that do not (_____), using the innate and adaptive immune systems. - Self, nonself Both the innate and adaptive immune systems use __________ and _______ receptors to sense potential threats. - Cell-surface, soluble receptors Recognition of self is used by cells to determine whether an encountered molecule or cell has what characteristic to show that it is a part of the body? - the appropriate structures The recognition of something that is non-self and has not yet been encountered is achieved through _________ receptors and ___________ receptors. - pattern recognition, somatically generated _________ _________ allows the adaptive immune system to tailor its responses to things that it encounters on multiple occasions. - Immunologic memory Identify the cardinal characteristics of the adaptive immune response Develop a general perspective on how the immune system responds to survival threats Define “Self” & explain how it is recognized by different cells in the immune system Immunological “self” implies to all ________ encoded by your _______ - Epitopes, DNA 4 factors that determine self or non-self 1. Epitopes Stage of differentiation when encountered 2. Site of the epitope encounter 3. Nature of cell presenting the epitope 4. Number of cells responding to epitope Examples of non-self - Cancer, virus, bacteria, portozoa, surgery, toxins, fungi What may result from the loss of tolerance? - Autoimmune disorders, food allergies Central tolerance - Removes self-reactive lymphocytes in an early stage of development via apoptosis T cells exposed to self-antigen in the _____ - thymus T cells undergo the process of ______ & ______ selection - positive & negative B cells are exposed to self-antigen in ________ - bone marrow B cells undergo either __________ or ________ - clonal deletion or receptor editing Peripheral tolerance - ensure that self-reactive T and B cells which escaped central tolerance do not cause autoimmune disease Peripheral tolerance Occurs in the _________  - periphery Positive selection - thymocytes that bind self-MHC/peptides with intermediate affinity are selected to mature, migrating to the medulla Postive selection requires what type of affinity - intermediate Postive selected T cells go to the _______ and Negative selected T cells go to ______ - Medulla, die Negative selection - Thymocytes whose T Cell Receptors (TCRs) bind self-MHC/peptide complexes with too-high affinity are induced to die (apoptosis) For mature, antigen-recognizing T cells to develop without being self-reactive & causing autoimmunity, T cells must go through what? - both positive & negative selection. Describe consequences of self-recognition failure Compare & contrast Central & Peripheral tolerance Compare & contrast B & T cell central & peripheral tolerances Compare & contrast positive & negative selection