immunology lecture 1
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the innate immune system?

  • To produce antibodies that neutralize toxins.
  • To serve as the body’s first line of defense against infections. (correct)
  • To provide specific responses to particular pathogens.
  • To generate memory cells for faster responses in future infections.

    • Which of the following best describes the adaptive immune response?

  • It is non-specific and provides immediate protection.
  • It relies solely on physical barriers to prevent infection.
  • It occurs immediately upon first exposure to a pathogen.
  • It recognizes specific antigens and generates long-term memory. (correct)

    • What does ‘Self’ refer to in the context of the immune system?

  • The antibodies produced by the body against pathogens.
  • Cells and molecules that are recognized as part of the body. (correct)
  • The process of eliminating foreign cells from the body.
  • The total number of immune cells present in the body.

    • What are Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) primarily responsible for?

    <p>Identifying and binding to PAMPs in pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a failure in self-recognition by the immune system?

    <p>Autoimmune diseases may develop.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes positive selection in T cell development?

    <p>Cultivation of T cells that can bind to self-MHC molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do B and T cells demonstrate central tolerance?

    <p>By undergoing selection processes in the bone marrow and thymus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the cardinal characteristics of the adaptive immune response?

    <p>It includes the formation of antigen-specific antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes central tolerance from peripheral tolerance?

    <p>Peripheral tolerance regulates T cell activation outside the central organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is primarily recognized as a pathogen?

    <p>Microorganisms that cause disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates MHC from HLA groups?

    <p>MHC is often found in vertebrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which types of professional antigen presenting cells are classified as APCs?

    <p>Macrophages, Dendritic cells, and B-Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the receptors used by both the innate and adaptive immune systems to recognize threats?

    <p>Cell-surface and soluble receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is recognized by immune cells to determine 'self'?

    <p>The appropriate structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immunologic memory in the adaptive immune system allows for what?

    <p>Tailored responses to multiple encounters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of wellness is NOT typically included in its definition?

    <p>Financial health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors contribute to determining self or non-self?

    <p>Epitopes and stage of differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of non-self?

    <p>Autologous tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tenet of Osteopathic Medicine emphasizes the body's ability to maintain health?

    <p>The body has an ability to heal itself and self-regulate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a pathogen?

    <p>A disease-causing microorganism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a potential consequence of losing tolerance in the immune system?

    <p>Autoimmune diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of health intervention focuses primarily on preventing illness before it occurs?

    <p>Prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors are involved in recognizing non-self structures that have not been encountered before?

    <p>Pattern recognition receptors and somatically generated receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Pattern-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)?

    <p>Molecules found in pathogens that are essential for their survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which best describes ligands in the context of immunology?

    <p>Molecules that bind specifically to proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic correctly describes the interrelationship of structure and function in osteopathic medicine?

    <p>Structure and function are reciprocally interrelated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process do T cells undergo in the thymus to eliminate self-reactive lymphocytes?

    <p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is responsible for recognizing PAMPs in pathogens?

    <p>Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which selection process involves T cells that bind self-MHC/peptides with intermediate affinity?

    <p>Positive selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a form of health intervention?

    <p>Lifestyle changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which organ are B cells primarily exposed to self-antigens during their development?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of innate and adaptive immunity, which statement is most accurate?

    <p>The innate immune system acts as the first line of defense against pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to T cells that undergo negative selection due to strong affinity for self-MHC/peptide complexes?

    <p>They undergo apoptosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanisms do B cells primarily utilize to eliminate self-reactive cells?

    <p>Clonal deletion or receptor editing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tolerance ensures that self-reactive T and B cells that evade central tolerance do not lead to autoimmunity?

    <p>Peripheral tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During T cell development, which selection process leads to the death of thymocytes with self-reactive characteristics?

    <p>Negative selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of peripheral tolerance in the immune response?

    <p>It prevents activation of self-reactive immune cells in the periphery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes positive selection from negative selection in T cell development?

    <p>Positive selection involves binding self-MHC with intermediate affinity, while negative selection involves binding with high affinity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of a failure in self-recognition within the immune system?

    <p>Development of autoimmune diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of adaptive immunity compared to innate immunity?

    <p>It provides immune memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes how the innate immune system identifies pathogens?

    <p>By utilizing pattern recognition receptors that are the same in every individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of chronic inflammation related to innate immunity?

    <p>Tissue damage and dysfunction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MHC class II molecules are primarily found on which type of cells?

    <p>Antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of tolerance, what does not occur during a successful immune response?

    <p>Activation of T and B cells against non-pathogenic antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the characteristics of the adaptive immune response?

    <p>It is specific and can cause immunopathology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily distinguishes the receptors of the adaptive immune system from those of the innate immune system?

    <p>Adaptive receptors can change and are different among individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune response is primarily responsible for eliminating pathogens through the action of antibodies?

    <p>Humoral response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the adaptive immune system's memory feature?

    <p>To improve response speed during future infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the innate immune system contribute to pathogen elimination?

    <p>Through inflammation and phagocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Immune System Overview

    • Complex network of cells, tissues, organs, and substances essential for fighting infections and diseases.
    • Two fundamental branches: Innate and Adaptive immune systems.

    Innate Immune System

    • Acts as the first line of defense against pathogens; immediate and generalized response.
    • Characteristics include: rapid response, non-specificity, and no memory formation.
    • Examples of components: skin, mucous membranes, phagocytes, and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs).

    Adaptive Immune System

    • Provides a specific and delayed response to pathogens; regarded as the second line of defense.
    • Characteristics include: slower response time, specificity, and immunological memory.
    • Key components include T cells and B cells that recognize specific antigens.

    Pathogen and Antigen Recognition

    • Pathogens are disease-causing microorganisms; examples include bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
    • Epitopes are the smallest molecular structures recognized by immune receptors.
    • Antigens are materials (like microbes) that elicit an immune response, usually made of multiple epitopes.

    Fundamental Terms

    • Ligands bind reversibly to proteins, playing a role in immune recognition.
    • Pattern-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are shared molecular structures of pathogens.
    • Antibodies are immunoglobulins that specifically bind to known ligands or epitopes.

    Characteristics of Immune Responses

    • Innate response is characterized by its quick reaction and involvement of general defense mechanisms.
    • Adaptive response includes the generation of immunological memory for faster response during re-exposure.

    Self-Recognition and Tolerance

    • "Self" refers to the body's own cells, distinguished by immune cells to prevent autoimmunity.
    • Failure in self-recognition can lead to autoimmune diseases, where the immune system attacks self-tissues.
    • Central tolerance occurs in the thymus and bone marrow, preventing self-reactive T and B cells.
    • Peripheral tolerance involves mechanisms outside of central sites, regulating self-reactive cells that escape central tolerance.

    Selection Processes in Immune System Development

    • Positive selection ensures that only thymocytes with the ability to recognize self-MHC molecules survive.
    • Negative selection eliminates self-reactive lymphocytes that could cause autoimmunity.

    Wellness vs. Illness

    • Wellness encompasses optimal health and well-being, while illness reflects disease or dysfunction.
    • Health interventions may include lifestyle changes, therapies, and preventive measures.

    Tenets of Osteopathic Medicine

    • Focus on the body’s ability to heal itself, the interrelationship between body systems, the importance of lifestyle and environment, and a holistic approach to patient care.

    Immune System Response to Survival Threats

    • The immune system's principal role is to survey, detect, and respond effectively to potential threats to maintain homeostasis and promote survival.

    Immune System Overview

    • Immune System: A complex network of cells, tissues, organs, and substances that helps combat infections and diseases.
    • Pathogen: Microorganisms that cause disease or harm.
    • Epitope: Smallest molecular structure recognized by specific receptors.
    • Ligand: Molecules that bind reversibly to proteins.
    • PAMPs: Molecules shared by related microbes essential for their survival (e.g., lipopolysaccharides).
    • PRRs: Proteins that recognize PAMPs in pathogens.
    • Antigen: Substances that can provoke an immune response.

    Immune System Branches

    • Innate Immunity: Fast, pre-established, generalized response, and the first line of defense. Outcomes include pathogen elimination and chronic inflammation. Response types are phagocytosis and inflammation.
    • Adaptive Immunity: Slow, specific, includes memory, and serves as the second line of defense. Outcomes include pathogen elimination, immune memory, and immunopathology. Response types include humoral and cell-mediated.

    Receptor Types

    • Innate immune system employs L receptor (pattern recognition) that is identical across individuals.
    • Adaptive immune system utilizes R receptor (can change/adapt) that varies among individuals.
    • Each person possesses unique pattern recognition receptors (innate) and somatically generated receptors (adaptive).

    MHC and HLA

    • HLA and MHC are synonymous; MHC is found in vertebrates while HLA is unique to humans.
    • MHC Class I: Present on all nucleated cells.
    • MHC Class II: Located on professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) like dendritic cells, macrophages, and B-cells.

    Immunological Memory & Tolerance

    • Immunological memory enables faster and enhanced responses on subsequent pathogen encounters.
    • Tolerance: Prevention of immune responses against specific antigens, reducing reaction severity on future exposures.
    • Loss of tolerance can lead to autoimmune disorders and food allergies.

    Central and Peripheral Tolerance

    • Central Tolerance: Removal of self-reactive lymphocytes during early development via apoptosis, occurring in the thymus for T cells and bone marrow for B cells.
    • Peripheral Tolerance: Ensures that escaped self-reactive T and B cells do not cause autoimmune diseases, occurring in the body’s periphery.

    Immune Response Selection Processes

    • Positive Selection: T cells that bind self-MHC/peptides with intermediate affinity mature and migrate to the medulla. Successful positive selection leads to survival.
    • Negative Selection: T cells binding self-MHC/peptide complexes with high affinity undergo apoptosis. Both positive and negative selection ensure non-self-reactive T cell development.

    Characteristics of Wellness and Illness

    • Wellness includes physical, mental, and spiritual health, representing an active, multidimensional, and holistic process.
    • Health interventions can be categorized into education, prevention, and treatment.

    Tenets of Osteopathic Medicine

    • The body is a unit, integrating mind, body, and spirit.
    • The body has self-healing abilities and self-regulation mechanisms.
    • Structure and function are interconnected.
    • Rational treatment is based on understanding body unity, self-regulation, and structure-function relationships.

    Factors in Self-Recognition

    • "Self" is indicated by epitopes encoded in an individual's DNA.
    • Four factors affecting self vs. non-self determination: epitope encountered, site of encounter, nature of presenting cell, and number of responding cells.
    • Non-self examples include cancer cells, viruses, bacteria, protozoa, toxic substances, and fungi.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental characteristics of the innate and adaptive immune systems, exploring how they work together to protect the host from infectious diseases. Additionally, it examines the concept of wellness versus illness, health interventions, and the four tenets of osteopathic medicine while introducing key vocabulary related to the immune system.

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