Immunodeficiency and Immunological Test PDF

Lebanese International University MEDL 499 Seminar Immunodeficiency and Immunological tests 1 Immunodeficiency results from a failure or absence of elements of the immune system, including lymphocytes, phagocytes, and the complement syste...

Lebanese International University MEDL 499 Seminar Immunodeficiency and Immunological tests 1 Immunodeficiency results from a failure or absence of elements of the immune system, including lymphocytes, phagocytes, and the complement system. This can be due to various factors, including genetic mutations, environmental factors, or medical treatments. There are several types of immunodeficiencies, including: 1-Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases (PIDs): Genetic disorders that affect the immune system, such as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. There are several types of immunodeficiencies, including: 2- Secondary Immunodeficiency: Conditions that develop as a result of another condition, such as HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, or chronic illness. There are several types of immunodeficiencies, including: Acquired Immunodeficiency: Conditions that occur as a result of medical treatments, such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or immunosuppressive drugs. Immunological Tests Immunodeficiency tests help identify abnormalities in the immune system and diagnose immunodeficiency disorders. The following are some common tests used to identify immunodeficiency: 1-Complete Blood Count (CBC): A blood test that measures the number of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. 2- Blood Cell Differential Count: A test that measures the proportion of different types of white blood cells (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils). Interpretation of Immunodeficiency Test Results The interpretation of immunodeficiency test results depends on the type of test and the clinical context in which it was performed. Abnormal results may indicate an impaired immune response or an underlying immune disorder. For CBC and blood cell differential count: Abnormal results may indicate a decrease in white blood cell count or an imbalance in the types of white blood cells. 3- Immunoglobulin Levels: Tests that measure the levels of different types of antibodies (IgA, IgG, IgM) in the blood.. Interpretation of Immunological Test Results For immunoglobulin levels: Abnormal results may indicate a deficiency in one or more types of antibodies. 4- CD4/CD8 Ratio: A test that measures the ratio of CD4+ T cells to CD8+ T cells, which helps diagnose HIV/AIDS. Interpretation of Immunological Test Results For CD4/CD8 ratio: A CD4/CD8 ratio below 0.5 indicates HIV/AIDS 5- Lymphocyte Function Tests: Tests that assess the ability of lymphocytes to respond to specific antigen. Interpretation of Immunological Test Results For lymphocyte function tests: Abnormal results may indicate impaired T-cell function. 6-Cytokine Profiling: A test that measures the levels of cytokines in the blood or plasma, which helps diagnose autoimmune disorders. Interpretation of Immunological Test Results For cytokine profiling: Abnormal results may indicate an imbalance in cytokine production 7- Immunophenotyping: A test that identifies the surface markers on immune cells to diagnose lymphoid malignancies or immunodeficiency disorders. 8- Lymphocyte Proliferation Assays: Tests that measure the ability of lymphocytes to proliferate in response to specific antigens or mitogens. 9-Natural Killer Cell Function Tests: Tests that assess the ability of natural killer cells to recognize and kill infected cells or tumor cells. 9- Flow Cytometry: A test that measures the expression of surface markers on immune cells and can be used to diagnose immunodeficiency disorders. Indications of Immunological tests: Immunodeficiency tests are used to diagnose and monitor various conditions, including: Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) Secondary immunodeficiency disorders HIV/AIDS Autoimmune disorders (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis) Cancer treatment-related immunosuppression Chronic illness-related immunosuppression Infections with opportunistic pathogens It is essential to consider the patient's medical history, clinical presentation, and other laboratory results when interpreting immunological test results. Thank you