Imaging-Science-Informatics-1.pdf

23/07/2024 Imaging Science Informatics Danica P. Pardalis, RRT., MAED-EMc PTLC Lecturer CONTENTS: Fundamentals of Medical Imaging Informatics Medical Image Data Workflow in Radiology Basic Medical Imaging Processing and Analysis Medical Image...

23/07/2024 Imaging Science Informatics Danica P. Pardalis, RRT., MAED-EMc PTLC Lecturer CONTENTS: Fundamentals of Medical Imaging Informatics Medical Image Data Workflow in Radiology Basic Medical Imaging Processing and Analysis Medical Image Data Distribution and Network Practical and Clinical Imaging Information Medical Imaging Information System Evaluation and Quality Assurance 1  23/07/2024 Information Technology, Informatics, & Information Science How do they relate to each other? Information Technology Concerned with 4 processes: Information creation or capture Information transmission Information storage How badly we want the information to be retrievable How the information was initially packaged Management and control of information flow and creation of systems to accomplish this task 2  23/07/2024 What else about Informatics? The term has increasingly Was regarded as the been used to describe applied use of the application of information science. information technology to other fields. ▪ It’s more than computer science or information science Has been emerging as an because it includes all interdisciplinary field that is concerned with the study aspects of the computer of the nature of information milieu and human & technology behavior. What is Information Science? Some background: Emerged around 1958 with the Institute of Information Scientists (IIS) Various attempts to merge with other disciplines for a stronger scientific position such as : A move toward communication A merger with computer science 3  23/07/2024 What is Information Science? Information Science is a field of professional practice and scientific inquiry addressing the effective communication of information and information objects, particularly knowledge records, among humans in the context of social, organizational, and individual needs for and use of information. What is Information Science? Two key Orientation: 1. Toward the human and social need for and use of the information pertaining to knowledge records (human information behavior). 2. Toward specific information techniques, systems, and technologies (covered under the name of information retrieval) to satisfy that need and provide for effective organization and retrieval of information. 4  23/07/2024 What is Information Science? Made up of 2 components: (practical) the study of gathering, organizing, storing, retrieving, & dissemination of information (theoretical) as a meta-field that analyzes the processes and domains of information Information Science Attributes To be concerned with the form, organization, & structure of information, only secondarily with the content To acknowledge the representation of information by indexing, or querying what a user needs is DIFFERENT from knowing the information Subject expertise a bonus, but unnecessary The information perspective is the ability to see the world at both the theoretical and practical levels 5  23/07/2024 What is Information Theory? Many, many views expressed in the readings but all have a common thread that information scientists are interested in the structure of information. Information Science is interested in information as a social and psychological phenomenon with a primary focus on recorded information and people’s relationship to it. 3 Big Questions of Information Science 1. The physical question: What are the features and laws of the recorded information universe 2. The social question: How do people relate to, seek, and use information? 3. The design question: How can access to recorded information be made the most rapid and effective? 6  23/07/2024 What is Information Science? Problem Addressed by IS: 1. Generally, information science addressed the problem of information explosion and used information technology as a solution. ▪ The rapid pace of scientific and technical advances that were accumulating since the start of the 20th century produced mid-century a scientific and technical revolution. ▪ The unabated, exponential growth of scientific and technical publications and information records of all kinds. ▪ Simply put, an information explosion is information and information objects piling up at a high rate. 2. The problem this presents is getting the right information as needed at any given time. Information Systems: Overview 7  23/07/2024 Computers and Information Systems in Daily Life Computers and information systems are all around you Online classes Grading Grocery and retail PDA and smartphones Internet “Information systems” versus “information technology” Computer Literacy and Information Literacy Computer literacy  Having skills in using productivity software Information literacy  Understanding the role of information in generating and using business intelligence Business intelligence (BI)  Provides historical, current, and predictive views of business operations and environments  Gives organizations a competitive advantage in the marketplace 8  23/07/2024 The Beginning: Transaction Processing Systems Transaction processing systems (TPSs) Focus on data collection and processing Cost reduction Operations repetitive Human involvement minimal Management Information Systems Management information system (MIS)  Organized integration of hardware and software technologies, data, processes, and human elements  Designed to produce timely, integrated, relevant, accurate, and useful information  For decision-making purposes  Include:  Hardware components  MIS software  Processes 9  23/07/2024 Management Information Systems Designing an MIS Define objectives Collect and analyze data Provide information in a useful format Used in both the private and public sector Many organizations use information systems to gain a competitive advantage Major Components of an Information System Data Database Process Information 10  23/07/2024 Data Data  Input to the system  Sources of data  External  Internal  Time orientation  Can be collected in different forms  Aggregated  Disaggregated 11  23/07/2024 Database  Database  Heart of an information system  Collection of all relevant data organized in a series of integrated files  Essential for the success of any information system  Managed with database management system (DBMS): e.g., Oracle  Reduces personnel time needed to gather, process, and interpret data manually Process Process Generates the most useful type of information for decision making Generally includes transaction-processing reports and models for decision analysis Includes a wide range of models to support all levels of decision making 12  23/07/2024 Information Information Output of an information system Facts that have been analyzed by the process component Quality of information Timeliness Integration with other data and information Consistency and accuracy Relevance Information User interface Must be flexible and easy to use Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) Ultimate goal of an information system Generate business intelligence (BI) 13  23/07/2024 Examples of Information Systems  Example 1: a university  State university stores all student data in a database  Built-in query capability  Other types of analysis can be done  Example 2: Teletech  International textile company  Database stores data on products, suppliers, sales personnel, costs  Process components  Forecasting models Using Information Systems and Information Technologies Information Technologies Achieve goals of information systems Examples Internet Databases POS Systems RFID tags 14  23/07/2024 Sample: Information Technologies at Home Depot  POS system  Fast customer service  Improved inventory management  Wireless network  Efficient in-store communication  Web site  Communicate with customers  Increase sales with online orders  RFID tags  Better manage inventory The Importance of Information Systems Information Second most important resource in any organization Four M’s of resources: Manpower Machinery Materials Money 15  23/07/2024 The Importance of Information Systems Personnel information system (PIS) or human resource information system (HRIS) Designed to provide information that helps decision-makers in personnel carry out their tasks more effectively Use Web technologies Main difference between an intranet and the Internet Intranets are private and the Internet is public The Importance of Information Systems Logistics information system (LIS) Designed to reduce the cost of transporting materials Maintains safe and reliable delivery Manufacturing information system (MFIS) Manages manufacturing resources Companies can reduce manufacturing costs, increase product quality, and improve inventory decisions 16  23/07/2024 The Importance of Information Systems Financial information system (FIS) Provides information to financial executives in a timely manner Marketing information system (MKIS) Improves marketing decisions Provides timely, accurate, and integrated information about the marketing mix Using Information Technologies for a Competitive Advantage Michael Porter Professor at Harvard Business School Identified three strategies for competing in the marketplace successfully ▪ Overall cost leadership ▪ Differentiation ▪ Focus 17  23/07/2024 Using Information Technologies for a Competitive Advantage  Information systems  Help organizations reduce the cost of products and services  Assist with differentiation and focus strategies  Can help bottom-line and top-line strategies  Enterprise systems  Supply chain management (SCM)  Customer relationship management (CRM)  Enterprise resource planning (ERP)  Collaboration software Using Information Technologies for a Competitive Advantage Differentiation strategies Make products and services different from competitors Examples: Apple, Amazon.com Focus strategies Concentrate on a specific market segment Attempt to achieve a cost or differentiation advantage Examples: Apple, Abercrombie & Fitch, Nordstrom 18  23/07/2024 Future Outlooks  Hardware and software costs continue to decline  Processing information less expensive in the future  Artificial intelligence and related technologies will continue to improve and expand  Computer literacy will improve  Networking technology will improve  Personal computers will continue to improve in power and quality  Internet growth and acceptance will continue  Computer criminals will become more sophisticated  Protecting personal identity information will become more difficult Healthcare Information Technology 19  23/07/2024 Outline: Definition of Terms – Information systems & technology – Healthcare information systems Administrative applications Clinical applications History and Evolution of HCIS (from the 1960s until now) – Healthcare environment – State of information technology – State of health care information systems 20  23/07/2024 Definitions: Information system — an arrangement of — – Data – Processes – People – Technology that interact to collect, process, store, and provide as output the information needed to support the organization. What is Health Information Technology? HIT encompasses a broad array of technologies involved in managing and sharing patient information electronically, rather than through paper records E-Prescribing and Electronic Health Records (EHRs) are just examples of the growing landscape of HIT Promotion of HIT innovation and adoption is heavily sponsored by the US government, including monies being paid to providers to incentivize the use of new technology as well as financial consequences for not adopting new technology 21  23/07/2024 https://himap.ph/ 22  23/07/2024 Examples of Administrative Applications: Patient administration systems Financial management systems Admission, Discharge, and Transfer Registration Accounts payable Scheduling General ledger Patient billing or accounts Personnel management receivable Materials management Utilization management Payroll Staff Scheduling Examples of Clinical Applications: Other clinical information Ancillary information systems systems – Nursing documentation – Electronic medical record (EMR) – Laboratory – Computerized provider order entry (CPOE) – Radiology – Telemedicine and telehealth – Pharmacy – Rehabilitation service documentation – Medication administration 23  23/07/2024 Health Care Information System ❑ Administrative information ❑ Clinical information system system Contains primarily administrative or Contains clinical or health- financial data related information relevant to the provider in diagnosing, Used to support the management treating, and monitoring the functions and general operations patient’s care of the health care organization 24  23/07/2024 History of HCIS What was happening in the healthcare environment and at the federal level that influenced organizations to adopt or use computerized systems? What was the state of information technology at the time? How did the environmental factors, coupled with advances in information technology, affect the adoption and use of HCISs? 25  23/07/2024 In other words, Health care environment + State of information technology = Use of healthcare information systems History of HCIS: 1960s - Billing is the Center of the Universe Health Care Environment – Enactment of Medicare & Medicaid – Cost-based reimbursement – Building mode – Focus on financial needs and capturing revenues State of Information Technology – Mainframe computers – Centralized processing – Few vendor-developed products 26  23/07/2024 History of HCIS: 1960s - Billing is the Center of the Universe ▪ HCIS Administrative and financial systems Used primarily in large hospitals and academic medical centers Developed and maintained in-house Shared systems available to smaller hospitals Data processing was primarily centralized on mainframe computers Picture of Mainframe 27  23/07/2024 History of HCIS: 1970s - Clinical Department Wake Up; Debut of Minicomputer Health Care Environment – Time of hospital growth and expansion – Medicare and Medicaid expenditures rising – Need to contain health care costs State of Information Technology – Mainframes still in use – Minicomputers become available, smaller and more affordable History of HCIS: 1970s - Clinical Department Wake Up; Debut of Minicomputer ▪ HCIS Turnkey systems available through vendor community Increased interest in clinical applications (particularly in ancillary departments) Shared systems still used 28  23/07/2024 History of HCIS: 1970s - Clinical Department Wake Up; Debut of Minicomputer 29  23/07/2024 History of HCIS: 1980s — Computers for the Masses Health Care Environment – Medicare introduces prospective payment system for hospitals – Medicaid and other private insurers follow suit – Need for financial and clinical information State of Information Technology – Unveiling of the microcomputer (PC) – Advent of local area network History of HCIS: 1980s — Computers for the Masses ▪ HCIS Distributed data processing Expansion of clinical information systems in hospitals Physician practices introduce billing systems Affordable, powerful computers now available to smaller organizations Ability to integrate financial and clinical information becomes increasingly important 30  23/07/2024 History of HCIS: 1990s — Health Care Reform; Advent of Internet Health Care Environment – Medicare changes in physician reimbursement – Health care reform efforts of the Clinton administration – Growth of managed care and integrated delivery systems – IOM calls for the adoption of computer-based patient record History of HCIS: 1990s — Health Care Reform; Advent of Internet State of Information Technology – Unveiling of the Internet (World Wide Web) – Internet revolutionizes how organizations communicate with each other, market services, conduct business – Cost of hardware drops 31  23/07/2024 History of HCIS: 1990s — Health Care Reform; Advent of Internet Healthcare Information Systems – Healthcare organizations take advantage of the Internet – Vendor community explodes – Wide range of HCIS products/services available – Growing interest in clinical applications – Still relatively small growth in the adoption of CPR/EMR systems 32  23/07/2024 History of HCIS: 2000s: Health Care IT Arrives; Patients Take Center Stage Health Care Environment – IOM reports on patient safety and medical errors – HHS calls for standards for EHRs – Spiraling health care costs – Economic upheaval and a growing number of uninsured – Health care transparency and pay for performance – New administration – Federal stimulus money available for HIT 33  23/07/2024 History of HCIS: 2000s: Health Care IT Arrives; Patients Take Center Stage State of Information Technology – Internet use moves to a new level – Voice recognition rebounds – Bar coding and RFID – PDAs and multipurpose cell phones – PHRs and consumers maintaining Web-based records – Web 2.0 technologies History of HCIS: 2000s: Health Care IT Arrives; Patients Take Center Stage Healthcare Information Systems – National call for EHR adoption – Infusion of HIT funding – Office of the National Coordinator for HIT (ONC) – Regional health information organizations – Healthcare organizations struggle with how to successfully implement point-of-care clinical systems CPOE EHR E-prescribing 34  23/07/2024 History of HCIS: 2000s: Health Care IT Arrives; Patients Take Center Stage EHR Advantages:  Earlier detection of infectious disease outbreaks  Improved care for chronic diseases  Improved ability to evaluate health care through the national collection of de-identified price and quality information  Productivity and financial efficiency through improved work processes  Improvement of reimbursement processes  Quality monitoring for payers  Care coordination  And more that is yet to be discovered… History of HCIS: 2000s: Health Care IT Arrives; Patients Take Center Stage PHR (Personal Health Records):  PHR is an electronic health record that is managed, shared, and controlled by the individual  A counterpart to the EHR  Some payers offer this service, also privately offered  Allows tracking of individual utilization including the use of OTCs and other medical history not always seen in the EHR  Allows patients to be more involved in their healthcare  Creates better engagement by patients  Adoption of this technology is slow due to the need for patient involvement and ownership 35  23/07/2024 History of HCIS: 2000s: Health Care IT Arrives; Patients Take Center Stage E-prescribing:  Using electronic tools to prescribe and transmit medication information to pharmacies (and payers)  Recent reports indicate that 70% of e-prescribing occurs within the EHR  Basic e-prescribing is really just an electronic prescription writer that reduces errors due to illegible prescriptions History of HCIS: 2000s: Health Care IT Arrives; Patients Take Center Stage E-prescribing:  Advancement of e-prescribing  Clinical decision support (real-time formulary information)  Prior Authorization fulfillment at the point of prescription (ePA)  Access to EHR to reduce medication errors including interactions and contraindications  July 2010: DEA allowed e-prescribing of controlled substances  Allows real-time bi-directional connectivity between the pharmacy and prescriber (and also the payer in some cases) 36  23/07/2024 History of HCIS: 2000s: Health Care IT Arrives; Patients Take Center Stage E-prescribing:  E-prescribing can further the patient healthcare experience and increase efficiency at the point of prescription  Immediate transfer of the prescription to the patient’s chosen pharmacy  Insurance eligibility  Formulary placement of the medications (including possible alternatives that are favorable on the formulary)  Prior Authorization fulfillment at the point of prescription if/when necessary (ePA)  Electronic authorization of refill requests History of HCIS: 2010 and Beyond An Era of Accountability, Transparency and Change--Affordable Care Act, Meaningful Use and ICD-10 All Kick In 37  23/07/2024 History of HCIS: 2010 and Beyond Healthcare Environment – Passage of the Affordable Care Act – HITECH Act (Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act) – Increased accountability – Health insurance reform including new payment models History of HCIS: 2010 and Beyond Information Technologies – Cloud computing – Mobile applications – Social Communication – Next Generation Analytics 38  23/07/2024 Summary: Challenges in the healthcare environment, coupled with advances in information technology, led to a state of healthcare information systems. It is important to look at where healthcare industry has come in its adoption and use of IT and where it has yet to go. 39 23/07/2024 40