Instructional Materials for Computer Engineering PDF

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA MARIA, BULACAN CAMPUS Km. 38, Sitio Gulod, Pulong Buhangin, Santa Maria, Bulacan INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS FOR COMPUTER ENGINEERING AS A DISCIPLINE Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering Asst. Pro...

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA MARIA, BULACAN CAMPUS Km. 38, Sitio Gulod, Pulong Buhangin, Santa Maria, Bulacan INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS FOR COMPUTER ENGINEERING AS A DISCIPLINE Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering Asst. Prof. JENNILYN S. AVANCEÑA, MIT FIRST TERM ACADEMIC YEAR 2024 – 2025  POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA MARIA, BULACAN CAMPUS Km. 38, Sitio Gulod, Pulong Buhangin, Santa Maria, Bulacan CHAPTER 1: THE COMPUTER ENGINEERING PROFESSION OVERVIEW Computer Engineering (CPE) is a dynamic and evolving profession that bridges the gap between electrical engineering and computer science. It involves the design, development, and integration of hardware and software systems that power modern technology. Unlike other allied fields like Computer Science, which focuses more on software and algorithms, or Electrical Engineering, which emphasizes circuitry and power systems, Computer Engineering offers a balanced blend of both disciplines, equipping professionals to work on everything from microprocessors to embedded systems. As a growing field, CPE opens numerous career paths, from hardware design engineers to cybersecurity specialists, making it highly relevant in today's technology-driven industries. Students are also encouraged to join organizations such as the Institute of Computer Engineers of the Philippines (ICpEP) and IEEE, which provide curricular and professional development advantages, helping them stay updated on emerging trends and network with industry leaders. DESIRE LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. Demonstrate an understanding of the meaning of Computer Engineering as a profession and a discipline; 2. Discuss the difference of Computer Engineering with its allied fields/programs; 3. Identify the future career paths and job opportunities as related to the Computer Engineering profession; and 4. Enumerate the different organizations where the CPE students may join and the curricular advantages they offer. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- OVERVIEW OF CPE CURRICULUM 2223 COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEFINED What is Computer Engineering? Computer engineering (CpE) is a branch of engineering discipline that has traditionally been viewed as a combination of computer science (CS) and electrical engineering (EE). It focuses on computing in all forms, from microprocessors to embedded computing devices to laptop and desktop systems to supercomputers. As such, it concerns the electrical engineering considerations of how microprocessors function, are designed and are optimized; how data is communicated among electronic components; how integrated systems of electronic components are designed and how they operate to process instructions expressed in software; and how software is written, compiled, and optimized for specific hardware platforms. The blend/marriage of these two (2) separate, although intimately related discipline further advances the design, construction, implementation, and maintenance of software 2|Page  POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA MARIA, BULACAN CAMPUS Km. 38, Sitio Gulod, Pulong Buhangin, Santa Maria, Bulacan and hardware components of modern computing systems and computer-controlled equipment to effectively and efficiently meet the scientific, technological, and administrative needs of business and industry in a global economy. In turn, computer engineers use their extensive knowledge of theories and principles of computing, mathematics, science, and engineering and apply these theories and principles to work with hardware and software, ensuring that the two are seamlessly integrated and functioning properly. Hardware engineering skills focus on computer systems and components, designing microprocessors, circuit boards, routers, and other embedded devices to address highly specialized and specific application needs. On the software development side, the focus is on the creation, test, and debug of programs and applications that run on computers, mobile devices, and more. Therefore, computer engineers are electrical engineers who specialize in software design, hardware design, or systems design that integrates both. Pushing forward to the limits of computer and microelectronics technology has created an environment in which computers have replaced the more conventional electronic devices and manifest themselves in the proliferation of mobile telephones, personal digital assistants, location-aware devices, digital cameras, and similar products. It also reveals itself in the myriads of applications involving embedded systems, namely those computing systems that appear in applications such as automobiles, large-scale electronic devices, and major appliances. PIONEERS IN COMPUTER HARDWARE Some of the most prominent pioneers in computer hardware include: Blaise Pascal, inventor of the mechanical calculator. Charles Babbage, inventor of the Analytical Engine. 3|Page POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA MARIA, BULACAN CAMPUS Km. 38, Sitio Gulod, Pulong Buhangin, Santa Maria, Bulacan John Adam Presper Eckert Jr. and John William Mauchly, builders of ENIAC, and later UNIVAC, the first computer to be sold commercially; Nicholas Constantine Metropolis, designer of the MANIAC I computer. William Bradford Shockley Jr. and his team at Bell Labs, inventors of the transistor 4|Page POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA MARIA, BULACAN CAMPUS Km. 38, Sitio Gulod, Pulong Buhangin, Santa Maria, Bulacan Seymour Roger Cray, the "Father of Supercomputing". CDC 6600 is considered the first supercomputer. Stephen Gary "Steve" Wozniak, designer of the Apple I and II personal computers and co-founder of Apple Computer along with Steve Jobs. Adam Osborne, developer of the first portable computer, the Osborne 1; Douglas Carl Engelbart and William "Bill" K. English, co-inventors of the computer mouse and developers of hypertext, computer networks, and the graphical user interface (GUI) 5|Page  POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA MARIA, BULACAN CAMPUS Km. 38, Sitio Gulod, Pulong Buhangin, Santa Maria, Bulacan EARLY INNOVATORS IN COMPUTER SOFTWARE The early innovators in computer software include: George Boole, who formalized binary (Boolean) algebra Alan Mathison Turing, who made enormous contributions to computer science, including inventing the Enigma code-breaking machine that broke the German ciphers in World War II and doing pioneering work in artificial intelligence and neural networks. John Warner Backus, leader of the team that invented the first high-level programming language, Fortran (FORmula TRANslation). 6|Page POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA MARIA, BULACAN CAMPUS Km. 38, Sitio Gulod, Pulong Buhangin, Santa Maria, Bulacan Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie and Kenneth Lane Thompson, developers of the UNIX operating system and the C programming language Gary Arlen Kildall, founder of Digital Research Inc. and inventor of the CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers) operating system that manages and controls the basic functions of a microcomputer. William “Bill” Henry Gates III, founder of Microsoft Corp. Vinton “Vint” Gray Cerf and Robert Elliot "Bob" Kahn, inventors of Transfer Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and sometimes referred to as the "Fathers of the Internet." 7|Page  POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA MARIA, BULACAN CAMPUS Km. 38, Sitio Gulod, Pulong Buhangin, Santa Maria, Bulacan COMPUTER ENGINEERING ALLIED FIELDS As previously discussed, Computer Engineering (CpE) grew out of Computer Science (CS) and Electrical Engineering (EE); thus, the three (3) fields/programs share much in common. The use of the term “vs.” therefore, doesn’t imply competition between fields/programs, but they simply represent different emphases during study. What is Computer Science? Computer Science is traditionally more concerned with the theoretical underpinnings of computational process at an abstract level and of programming; thus, it is often viewed as a computing system in terms of how data and instructions are processed, stored, and communicated by computing devices as opposed to how the computation is accomplished with metal and silicon (wires and transistors). Simply put, computer scientists can talk to computers as they understand the “why” behind computer programs and can create a program or operating system that operates the way you want it to do. Computer scientists employ algorithms and sophisticated abstract mathematical or logic-based models to invent new ways to manipulate and transfer information and to prove properties and limits of computing systems. Hence, computer scientists are scientists and mathematicians who develop ways to process, interpret, store, communicate, and secure data. Below are the difference between computer engineering and computer science in the following aspects: Learning Material Computer engineering students focus on the development, prototyping, and design of both software and hardware, as well as the integration of the two. As a result, they put a big emphasis on the physics and manufacturing of physical devices and integrated circuits. Computer engineering students learn to master robotics, pattern recognition, speech processing, and so much more. Computer science students, on the other hand, learn how to build computer systems and how to solve problems on computers and other electronic technologies using data storage and processing. Computer science students learn a variety of computer languages and computer environments, which helps them master a range of skills – from creating computer graphics, through developing and analyzing numerical and mathematical algorithms and complex networks, operating systems, and building and storing databases, to improving human- computer interactions. Let’s consider an iPhone as an example. Apple employs both Computer Engineers and Computer Scientists to design each new version of the iPhone. 8|Page  POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA MARIA, BULACAN CAMPUS Km. 38, Sitio Gulod, Pulong Buhangin, Santa Maria, Bulacan Computer Engineers designed the chips that house the integrated circuits that make the iPhone’s various components (cell radio, screen, controls, memory, and microprocessor) function, and they figured out how to get the various components to work with each other. That involves looking at the device at both the microscopic level and the integrated systems level. Computer Scientists wrote the operating system that manages the memory and concurrently running applications, the apps in the app store that run on top of that operating system, the packing and unpacking of data into packets for network communication, and the encrypting of data so that prying eyes can’t see it. The computer scientists provide the glue pieces that turn the computer engineers’ beginning product – the component designs – into the computer engineers’ end product – the device on which people text, browse the web, and play Angry Birds. Computer engineering students focus on the development, prototyping, and design of both software and hardware, as well as the integration of the two. As a result, they put a big emphasis on the physics and manufacturing of physical devices and integrated circuits. Computer engineering students learn to master robotics, pattern recognition, speech processing, and so much more. To summarize: Computer Engineering Computer Science Build and store databases Develop both software and Computer languages and hardware, and integrate the environments two (2) Emphasis on physics and Develop and analyze Learning Material manufacturing of physical numerical and devices and integrated mathematical algorithms circuits Master robotics, pattern Improve human- computer recognition, speech interactions processing Job Opportunities Graduating with a degree in computer engineering opens diverse doors to students. They can develop and manufacture aerospace, automotive, fuel, water, medical and telecommunications systems, and devices, to name a few options. Among others, they can also develop computer architecture systems and equipment, including circuit boards, routers, and sensors. If they prefer to develop software, computer engineering graduates have enough training to land jobs in this field. 9|Page  POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA MARIA, BULACAN CAMPUS Km. 38, Sitio Gulod, Pulong Buhangin, Santa Maria, Bulacan Every industry needs the skills of computer science graduates because these days, every industry has software products, apps, and websites. Thus, when it comes to landing a job as a programmer, a degree in computer science is probably your best bet. Some of the computer science students can often start programming right away while others will start in technical support roles or QA (quality assurance of software products). As they gain knowledge and expertise, computer science graduates can specialize in computer and app programming, as well as automation roles. Still, they can also develop network systems, databases, and websites. Further Higher Education Computer engineering graduates might want to get a master’s degree in the field of computer engineering’ and choose from the following field of specialization to advance their career or get higher salaries: ▪ Aerospace ▪ Robotics ▪ Computer networks ▪ Project and product development ▪ Development of wireless networks or very large-scale integration circuits Some computer science graduates will want to focus on technology in their master’s degree. Hence, choosing a master’s program that focuses on information security or information systems, databases, optimization or artificial intelligence might be a better choice. What is Electrical Engineering? Electrical engineering is the branch of engineering that deals/concerned with the technology and practical applications of the theory of electricity with “heavy current” (e. g., electric motors, radar and navigation systems, communications systems, or power generation and distribution equipment in civil and industrial-scale projects), hence, it is often used to refer to a high voltage system engineering. In turn, electrical engineers design, build, and test analog or digital devices, circuits, and systems for processing, communication, and storage of information; distribution, conversion, and storage of energy; and process automation or robotics either on a large- scale or in delivering power to a specific site or equipment. Below are the differences between electrical engineering and computer engineering in the following aspects: Learning Material Electrical engineering students are focused on the design, development, test, and supervision of the manufacturing of a wide range of electrical equipment, 10 | P a g e  POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA MARIA, BULACAN CAMPUS Km. 38, Sitio Gulod, Pulong Buhangin, Santa Maria, Bulacan components, devices, and systems, from tiny microchips to huge power station generators. Hence, they must be prepared to understand and make calculations based on the underlying physics that governs electrical interactions. Electrical engineering degrees would typically include courses on: o Systems for communication, control, or power. o Digital hardware, software, and the computer as components. o Electronic, radio frequency, or optical devices, circuits, and fabrication. To summarize: Computer Engineering Electrical Engineering Master robotics, It includes courses on: pattern recognition, speech processing Systems for communication, control, or power. Learning Material Digital hardware, software, and the computer as components. Electronic, radio- frequency, or optical devices, circuits, and fabrication. Job Opportunities An electrical engineer can work in the offices, labs, or industrial plants of various industries, including the manufacturers of electrical components and computer equipment, industrial machinery, medical and scientific instruments, transportation, communication, computer-related sectors, the federal government, electric utility, and engineering consulting firms. Their role is to design, test, and supervise the construction and installation of electrical systems, components, and products; hence, communication skills are important, as they are frequently asked to translate ideas into workable blueprints and schematics. Aside from the above, electrical engineers also design the electrical systems of automobiles and aircraft. Further Higher Education An electrical engineer specializes in problems associated with electronics and electrical systems; hence, students in these programs usually can choose a concentration such as a microwave engineering or power systems. In addition, a two- year master's degree can be helpful for those who want to advance to management 11 | P a g e  POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA MARIA, BULACAN CAMPUS Km. 38, Sitio Gulod, Pulong Buhangin, Santa Maria, Bulacan roles in the electrical engineering field. Master's degree programs usually focus on a particular specialty such as electronics or digital systems and allow students to complete research. Doctoral degrees are designed for those interested in university teaching or high- level industrial research. What is Electronics and Communications Engineering? In contrast with BS Electrical Engineering, which deals with “heavy current,” that is, the general aspect of design and development of electrical equipment, such as power generators and electric motors, Electronics and Communications Engineering (ECE) (aka Electronics Engineering), deals with “light current” applications, focusing on the conceptualization, design, and development of electronic equipment (e. g., semiconductors and transmitters), computer and communication products, systems, services, and processes. In turn, electronics engineers design the components and circuitry that make-up the electronic equipment itself and ensure that a computer or computer-related device functions. Hence, electronics engineering is often classified as a subset of electrical engineering that specifically works with circuits that can interpret signals or instructions and perform a task related to the input parameters. Again, let’s consider a smartphone as an example. Electrical engineers figured out a way to transform the voice and visual data generated by the phone into transmittable electrical signals that travel through satellite relays. Electronics engineer, on the other hand, may be the one who developed the components that make the smartphone function. Below are the differences between electronics and communications engineering and computer engineering in the following aspects: Learning Material Electronics and communications engineering students utilize science and math to practical problems in the field of communications. They are focus on the research, design, development, and testing of the electronic equipment used in various communications systems. The theoretical knowledge with a lot of laboratory work that are meant to teach, prove test, and apply the laws and theorems that dominate the field are combined. 12 | P a g e  POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA MARIA, BULACAN CAMPUS Km. 38, Sitio Gulod, Pulong Buhangin, Santa Maria, Bulacan To summarize: Computer Engineering Electronics and Communications Engineering Develop both software and Research, design, hardware, and integrate the development and testing of two (2) the electronic equipment used in various communications Learning Material systems Emphasis on physics and Utilize science and math to manufacturing of physical practical problems in the devices and integrated field of communications circuits Job Opportunities Graduating with a degree in electronics and communications engineering opens careers to students as follows: o Broadcast engineers who usually work at TV or radio stations and are responsible for overseeing the transmission of signals and the automation of broadcast programs. o Telecommunications Engineer who usually works at telecommunication companies (e.g., PLDT /Converge/Globe/Smart) designing and overseeing the installation of telecommunications equipment and facilities. o Computer Systems Engineer who works for specific computer systems that match the company’s operational needs. o Biomedical Engineer designs and develops medical equipment such as prosthetic devices, artificial organs, and the like. o Robotics/Mechatronics Engineer design and develop robots used in industrial plants, medical facilities, or battlefields. o Optics engineers who work in fields that require knowledge and understanding of light. These may include biomedical engineering, where they develop imaging tools, and consumer mechanics, where they design and develop machines and gadgets like TVs, computers, handphones, and the like. Further Higher Education Electronics and communications engineering students study topics such as wireless, digital, data, and fiber-optic communications. They are typically offered from the bachelor's to the doctoral level. 13 | P a g e  POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA MARIA, BULACAN CAMPUS Km. 38, Sitio Gulod, Pulong Buhangin, Santa Maria, Bulacan The Master's Degree in Electronics and Communications Engineering aims to form a graduate with advanced skills and methodological tools needed to design and develop systems for signal and image processing, antenna design, microwave systems and devices, analog and digital electronic design with applications in the fields of electronics, telecommunications. What is Information Technology? Information technology (IT) uses the existing operating systems, software, and applications in tandem to create a larger system that meets the everyday computer technology needs and/or solves the computer-related problems of business, government, healthcare, schools, and other kinds of organizations. Its emphasis is on the technology itself more than on the information it conveys. Essentially, IT practitioners are users of technology. They just select from varied components of the system, including software, hardware, networks, systems integration, and multimedia, to carry out a variety of tasks that range from installing applications to designing complex computer networks and information databases. Due to the nature of the work, they are more likely to interact with clients and co- workers outside of their department. They may help explain to a client how to solve technology problems or work with executives and business owners to construct a technology plan that will meet their business needs. Below is the difference between computer engineering and computer science in the following aspects: Learning Materials IT graduates need to stay abreast of new technology, and they must be very familiar with how to use operating systems and server software, including Linux, Apache, OpenSSL, Windows Server, Oracle, MySQL, and Microsoft SQL Server. To summarize: Computer Engineering Information Technology Develop both software and Familiarize with how to use hardware, and integrate the operating systems and two (2) server software Learning Material Emphasis on physics and Stay abreast of new manufacturing of physical technology devices and integrated circuits 14 | P a g e  POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA MARIA, BULACAN CAMPUS Km. 38, Sitio Gulod, Pulong Buhangin, Santa Maria, Bulacan Job Opportunities IT graduates can find work in several occupations, such as follows: o Information security analysts work to prevent cyberattacks by monitoring their business’ network for breaches and weak spots and to create emergency plans in the event of an attack. o Network architects (aka network engineers) design and build communication networks, such as local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and intranets. o Database administrators use software and programs to organize and store data for businesses that range from financial firms to shipping companies. o Systems administrators conduct the day-to- day maintenance and operation of a business’ networks, including LANs, WANs, intranets, and other communication systems. o Computer support specialists provide advice and troubleshooting help to individuals and businesses that have questions about their software. Further Higher Education IT graduates must enroll in specialized programs or take elective courses since some jobs require advanced computer science and programming knowledge. For example, information security requires knowledge of discrete math and algorithms, and database administration requires knowledge of programming. Also, information security analysts usually have certifications, such as ISC or CISSP. Simply put, computer engineers in an actual situation are likened to architects and construction workers who design and build a house; they design and build computers. Computer scientists, on the other hand, are likened to electricians, plumbers, and installation specialists who put lights, running water, and appliances in the house; they design and develop computer programs, software, and applications. IT practitioners are the ones who live in the house and use appliances effectively and efficiently for the desired effect; they use and troubleshoot those programs, software, and applications. What is an Information System? Information systems (IS) are primarily concerned with the information that computer systems can provide to aid a company, non-profit or governmental organization in defining and achieving its goals and the processes that an enterprise can implement or improve using information technology. In turn, the information systems specialist requires a sound understanding of organizational principles and practices so that they can work in harmony with managers and users to ensure that the organization has the information and the systems it needs to support its operations. Information systems professionals are also involved in designing technology-based organizational communication and collaboration systems. 15 | P a g e  POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA MARIA, BULACAN CAMPUS Km. 38, Sitio Gulod, Pulong Buhangin, Santa Maria, Bulacan Below is the difference between computer engineering and computer science in the following aspects: Learning Material IS graduates design and administer databases and data warehouses, analyze and implement enterprise-wide solutions to information problems and manage telecommunications efforts. Some of them implement and manage corporate-wide Intranets. They can also provide project management skills, technical writing, or training by melding their knowledge of information technology and business processes. To summarize: Computer Engineering Information System Develop both software and Solution to information hardware, and integrate the problems and two (2) manage telecommunications Learning Material Emphasis on physics and Understanding of manufacturing of physical organizational principles devices and integrated and practices circuits Job Opportunities IS graduates might be employed in a data processing environment supporting legacy applications or developing client/server applications in either the private/public sector. Also, they might be employed to support the development and use of applications in a client department. Specifically, the IS graduates are most suited for: o Applications software development ▪ business applications programming, including record keeping, and transaction processing ▪ COBOL, C++, Visual Basic, and JAVA programming o Business applications development ▪ Information engineering and applications integration o Decision Support Systems design and support o Data warehousing and mining o Database management and administration o Intranet/Internet management o End-User computing support o Management of IS/IT operations o Hardware/Software sales representative 16 | P a g e  POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA MARIA, BULACAN CAMPUS Km. 38, Sitio Gulod, Pulong Buhangin, Santa Maria, Bulacan o Information center/Office automation o EDP auditing/Quality assurance o Telecommunications planning and management o Disaster planning and recovery o Technical writing and training o Graphical User Interface (GUI) design Further Higher Education Completing a Masters in Information Systems sharpen the technology infrastructure, ERP/SAP, business analytics, and web development, as well as business analysis, database management, and programming skills. PhDs are available in areas such as operations management and information systems and computer science and information systems. COMPUTER ENGINEERING ORGANIZATIONS Organization/affiliation envisions the development of students’ skills and empowerment of their interests towards excellence in their chosen field of specialization. What is ICpEP? ICpEP (Institute of Computer Engineers of the Philippines) is registered under the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC Reg. No. 201120675) as a non-stock, non-profit professional organization of computer engineers in the Philippines. It envisions itself as the foundation of world-class Filipino computer engineering professionals and the motivator of interest towards excellence in computer engineering as a field of specialization. ICpEP aims to: Unite and build a network of all competent and skilled computer engineering (CpE) professionals and graduates in the country through member interaction and open communication. This is directed to industry, academe, and government. Support the professional career of members through relevant seminars/training and exposure in advocacy, conferences, outreach activities, and publications dedicated to computer engineers. Expand knowledge and specialization in computer engineering through research and development. Publish reports, surveys, guides, and other resources in computer engineering for the professional community; Support its student edition through encouragement, guidance, and assistance. Members of the Institute of Computer Engineers of the Philippines (ICpEP), in recognition of the never-ending advancement of our technology, in uplifting the quality of life, and in accepting obligation and dedication to our profession, its members, and the communities 17 | P a g e  POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA MARIA, BULACAN CAMPUS Km. 38, Sitio Gulod, Pulong Buhangin, Santa Maria, Bulacan we serve, do hereby pledge and commit ourselves to the highest ethical and professional conduct and agree to: 1. hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public in the performance of their professional duties; 2. perform services only in the areas of their competence; 3. issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner; 4. act in professional matters for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interest; 5. build their professional reputation on the merit of their services and shall not compete unfairly with others; -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- REFERENCES About computer engineering (2017) Retrieved from: https://www.ece.vt.edu/undergrad/aboutcpe Bachelor of science in electronics and communications engineering in the Philippines (2016) Retrieved from: http://www.courses.com.ph/bsece-bachelor-of-science-in- electronics- and-communications-engineering-philippines/ BS in electronics and communications engineering in the Philippines (2017) Retrieved from: http://www.finduniversity.ph/majors/bs-in- electronics-and-communications- engineering-philippines/ Computer science vs. computer engineering: what’s the difference? (2017) Retrieved from: https://www.lewisu.edu/experts/wordpress/index.php/computer- science-vs- computer-engineering-whats-the-difference/ Computer science vs. computer engineering: what’s right for you? (2017) Retrieved from: http://www.uopeople.edu/blog/computer-science-vs- computer-engineering-whats- right-for-you/ Difference between computer engineering and information technology (2017) Retrieved from: http://www.differencebetween.info/difference- between-computer-engineering- and-information-technology Difference between a computer science & information technology degree (2017) Retrieved from: http://online.king.edu/information- technology/difference-between-a- computer-science-information- technology-degree/ Electrical and computer engineering (n.d.) Retrieved from: https://uwaterloo.ca/electrical-computer-engineering/future- undergraduate- students/electrical-engineering Electrical engineering vs. computer engineering (2017) Retrieved from: https://www.ee.byu.edu/academic/elec_vs_comp 18 | P a g e  POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA MARIA, BULACAN CAMPUS Km. 38, Sitio Gulod, Pulong Buhangin, Santa Maria, Bulacan Electrical vs electronic engineers: what’s the difference? (2016) Retrieved from: https://www.electronicproducts.com/Education/Career/Electrical_vs_el ectronic_engineers_What_s_the_difference.aspx Electronic communications engineering (2017) Retrievedfrom: http://study.com/directory/category/Engineering/Electrical_Engineerin g_and_Electronics/Electronic_Communications_Engineering.html MIS vs. comp sci (n.d.) Retrieved from: http://mis.umsl.edu/B.S.%20in%20I.S./misvscsc.html The education & training requirements for an electrical engineer (2017) Retrieved from: http://classroom.synonym.com/education-training- requirements-electrical-engineer- 2511.html What does a computer engineer do? (2017) Retrieved from: http://www.learnhowtobecome.org/computer-engineer/ What is computer engineering? (2014) Retrieved from: https://www.livescience.com/48326-computer-engineering.html What is ICpEP? (2017) Retrieved from: http://www.icpep.org.ph/what_is_icpep/ 19 | P a g e  POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA MARIA, BULACAN CAMPUS Km. 38, Sitio Gulod, Pulong Buhangin, Santa Maria, Bulacan CHAPTER 2: THE PROFESSIONAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPUTER ENGINEER OVERVIEW The professional growth and development of a computer engineer involves continuous learning and adaptation to emerging technologies and industry trends. It includes gaining practical experience through hands-on projects, pursuing advanced certifications, and specializing in areas such as software development, hardware engineering, cybersecurity, or artificial intelligence. Professional development also encompasses improving soft skills like communication, teamwork, and leadership, as these are crucial for career advancement and collaboration. Networking, attending industry conferences, and engaging in professional organizations further enhance a computer engineer’s knowledge and career prospects, ensuring they remain competitive and effective in their roles. DESIRE LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. Apply ethical considerations to issues of the Computer Engineering profession; and 2. List some of the basic tenets of the Codes of Computer Engineering Ethics. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ENGINEERING ETHICS DEFINED Engineering is the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize economically the materials and forces of nature for the good and betterment of mankind and society. While science (physics, chemistry, biology, etc.) allows us to gain an understanding of the world and the universe, engineering enables this understanding to come to life through problem solving, designing and building things (e.g. cell phones, home appliances, heart valves, bridges, cars). Engineers are professionals who can solve complex problems and implement solutions in cost effective and practical ways. This ability to face a problem, work through 20 | P a g e  POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA MARIA, BULACAN CAMPUS Km. 38, Sitio Gulod, Pulong Buhangin, Santa Maria, Bulacan various thoughts and abstract ideas and then translating them into reality relies heavily on rational thinking and logical decision making, which is why most engineers come from science and math backgrounds. The modern engineer is also very software savvy and can use a range of different computing programs that will assist them in verifying designs and predicting how structures will behave in the environment. With these, engineers must actively watch out for public safety and must be honest and conduct oneself with professional integrity in their dealings. WHAT DOES ETHICS MEAN TO YOU? Is a person’s behavior ethical when: S/he does what his/her feelings tell him/her what is right or wrong (e.g., exaggerating work experience on a resume) S/he does what is best for everyone (e.g., cutting corners on a project to meet a tight deadline) S/he does what the law requires (e.g., not reporting the overtime hours that you have work as per request of your employer due to budget constraints) S/he has good intentions, no matter how things turn out (e.g., telling a white lie to spare a friend who seems to have a drug dependency problem) Every sphere of life is guided by a set of rules of what is right and what is wrong. The difference between them must be demarcated in any walk of life, since every minute of every hour of every day, an individual always faces situations in which ethical decisions are a must so that problems won’t exist. For instance, a student must decide if s/he would tell the truth about his/her friend copying someone else’s answers while taking the exam. This situation might catch him/her in a conflict between loyalty to a friend and the value of telling the truth. On the other hand, a certain employee must also decide if s/he would use or not to use their e-mail and Internet access for personal use while at work. Ethics are seldom black and white and usually involve conflicting demands such as personal gain versus ambition and loyalty to company and colleagues versus concern for public welfare. It is important for engineering students to study engineering ethics so that they will be prepared to make ethical decisions during their professional careers. ETHICS The field of ethics (or moral philosophy) involves two (2) things: First, it refers to the well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights (e.g. the right to life, the right to freedom from injury, and the right to privacy), obligations, and benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues. This may involve articulating the good habits that we should acquire, the duties that we should follow, or the consequences of our behavior on others. Secondly, ethics refers to the study and development of one's ethical standards. It investigates where our ethical principles came from, and what they mean. Many people tend to equate ethics with their feelings, but being ethical is clearly not a matter of following 21 | P a g e  POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA MARIA, BULACAN CAMPUS Km. 38, Sitio Gulod, Pulong Buhangin, Santa Maria, Bulacan one's feelings. A person following his/her feelings may recoil from doing what is right. In fact, feelings frequently deviate from what is ethical. So, it is necessary to constantly examine one's standards to ensure that they are reasonable and well-founded. It should answer the following questions: Are they merely social inventions? Do they involve more than expressions of our individual emotions? The answers to these questions focus on the issues of universal truths, the will of God, the role of reason in ethical judgments, and the meaning of ethical terms themselves. DIFFERENTIATE PERSONAL MORALITY TO COMMON MORALITY, AND ETHICS TO LAWS Personal Morality are one’s personal beliefs about right and wrong. They are our standards. When one acts in ways which are consistent with our beliefs, it meets our standards. On the other hand, when one’s actions are not congruent with our values - our sense of right, good, and just, it falls short of our standard. However, we have ethical dilemmas, where the choice is not between what we believe to be right and what we believe to be wrong, but between competing rights. The classic case: “Is over speeding and beating the red light justifiable during an emergency?” The answer, “It depends.” This is where laws come in. Common Morality is a system of beliefs, typically a religious system, but it could be a political system or some other set of beliefs that are shared by almost everyone. Ethics is the study of actions, goals, principles, policies, and laws that are morally justified. Law is a system of rules and guidelines enacted by public officials in a legitimate manner and are enforced through social institutions to regulate human behavior and establish social order. It serves as the formal basis for investigation of unethical conduct. Professional societies do suspend members based on violations. We have been studying engineering, such as design, analysis, and performance measurement. So where does ethics fit in? Through the definitions of engineering and ethics above, we can say that an engineering ethics amounts to a set of justified moral principles of obligation, rights, and ideals that ought to be endorsed to those who are engaged in engineering since engineers are the usual people who are betrothed mostly to tough decisions. In short, it is the understanding of moral values, resolving moral issues, and justifying moral judgments involved in engineering practice. One (1) main connection between ethics and engineering comes from the following: 22 | P a g e  POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA MARIA, BULACAN CAMPUS Km. 38, Sitio Gulod, Pulong Buhangin, Santa Maria, Bulacan Social Responsibility – It requires taking into consideration the needs and the impact of the engineered products and processes have on the society. Hence, engineers’ professional decisions and actions pertaining to the design, build, and market of products should not only benefit society, but engineers must think also about the safety, health and well-being of others as well as its legal/judicial consequences. This may involve going above and beyond the call of duty to ensure the safety of a design. o Is it safe? If it isn’t, don’t do it. o Does my choice lead to the greatest good for the greatest number? If it doesn’t, don’t do it. Professional Responsibility – It comes from the way in which being socially responsible puts duties and obligations on us individually. Hence, engineers must perform under a standard of professional behavior which requires adherence to the highest principles of ethical conduct on behalf of the public, clients, employers, and the profession. o Is it just balanced, and fair? If it isn’t, don’t do it. PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING SOCIETIES Engineering students must learn to act professionally and “do the right thing.” Professional engineering societies, such as the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) have developed a code of ethics, which consist primarily of principles of responsibility that delineate/delimit how to promote public good. There are six (6) fundamental canons of the NSPE code of ethics. Canon is defined as an accepted principle or an official and authoritative list. Engineers, in the fulfillment of their professional duties, shall: 1. Hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public. An engineer under this canon is expected to not only protect the public in his or her own work, but also to act if s/he has knowledge that any other person's actions may undermine public welfare. 23 | P a g e  POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA MARIA, BULACAN CAMPUS Km. 38, Sitio Gulod, Pulong Buhangin, Santa Maria, Bulacan 2. Perform services only in areas of their competence. An engineer under this canon is expected to not seal an engineering plan or document unless that document has been prepared or reviewed under his or her supervisory control. 3. Act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees. An engineer under this canon is expected to not use confidential information in a way that is detrimental to an employer's or client's interests. S/he is obliged to notify his/her employers before availing themselves of outside employment opportunities or engaging in work that may give rise to a conflict of interest. 4. Avoid deceptive acts. An engineer under this canon is expected to not participate in fraudulent or dishonest practices. 24 | P a g e  POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA MARIA, BULACAN CAMPUS Km. 38, Sitio Gulod, Pulong Buhangin, Santa Maria, Bulacan 5. They conduct honorably, responsibly, ethically, and lawfully to enhance the honor, reputation, and usefulness of the profession. An engineer under this canon is expected to not bestow gifts or gratuities to obtain work, falsely portray one's qualifications and credentials, take credit for the work of another, and maliciously criticize the work of another just to gain an unfair advantage over his or her competitors. 6. Issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner. An engineer under this canon is expected to apply his or her technical expertise with the public when competent to do so (as per canon 2), must indicate when a statement has been paid for by an interested party (much like the conflict disclosures required by canon 3), and may not promote his or her own interests in a manner derogatory to the integrity of the profession (canon 5). 25 | P a g e  POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA MARIA, BULACAN CAMPUS Km. 38, Sitio Gulod, Pulong Buhangin, Santa Maria, Bulacan THE TEN COMMANDMENTS OF COMPUTER ETHICS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- REFERENCES Case 90-5. (n. d.). Retrieved from: https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~bmclaren/ethics/caseframes/90-5.html Case 92-1. (n. d.). Retrieved from: https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~bmclaren/ethics/exaframes/92-1.html Definition of engineering/engineering technology. (n. d.). Retrieved from: http://wmich.edu/engineer/ceee/miller/082903/Lecture%20Notes.pdf Engineering ethics. (n. d.). Retrieved from: http://engineering.missouri.edu/mae/files/engineering_ethics1.pdf Ethics. (n. d.). Retrieved from: http://www.iep.utm.edu/ethics/ Ethics in engineering. (2009). Retrieved from: http://paulywogbog.net/455/Engineering%20Ethics%20(unit%203)/Ethics%20i n%20Engineering.ppt Explain the difference between laws, values, morals and ethics? (n. d.) Retrieved from: https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20111003172950AAlCpm6 Is accounting a profession? (n. d.). Retrieved from: http://www.slu.edu/departments/accounting/keithleyj/Spring%202010/614/P PSlides/Profession.ppt Professional responsibility: the role of engineering in society. (n. d.) Retrieved from: http://www.me.utexas.edu/~srdesign/paper/ Ten commandments of computer ethics you should follow without fail. (2017). Retrieved from: https://www.buzzle.com/articles/ten-commandments-of- computer-ethics.html 26 | P a g e  POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA MARIA, BULACAN CAMPUS Km. 38, Sitio Gulod, Pulong Buhangin, Santa Maria, Bulacan The purpose and meaning of the ten commandments. (2007). Retrieved from: http://www.the-ten-commandments.org/ten_commandments- purpose_meaning.html The seven fundamental canons of ASCE’s code of ethics. (2008). Retrieved from: http://www.asce.org/question-of-ethics-articles/apr-2008/ What is engineering? – the definition. (2016). Retrieved from: http://whatisengineering.com/ What is ethics? (2017). Retrieved from: https://www.scu.edu/ethics/ethics- resources/ethical-decision-making/what-is-ethics/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ASSESSMENT: 1. What is ethics? 2. Can ethics be taught to people? 3. Are engineers responsible for educating the public for safe operation of the equipment? How? 27 | P a g e