Istanbul Gelisim University Nursing Past Paper PDF

gelisimedu igugelisim Department of Nursing (ENG) Name of Course: WOMEN’S HEALTH AND DISEASES NURSING Name of Lecturer: Dr. N. Alper Sahbaz, MD gelisimedu igugelisim Course Information Course credit 8 Credit /9 ECTS GBS Linki...

gelisimedu igugelisim Department of Nursing (ENG) Name of Course: WOMEN’S HEALTH AND DISEASES NURSING Name of Lecturer: Dr. N. Alper Sahbaz, MD gelisimedu igugelisim Course Information Course credit 8 Credit /9 ECTS GBS Linki https://gbs.gelisim.edu.tr/en/lesson-details-17-319-12715-2 Week Week 17 gelisimedu igugelisim What we are going to learn in this week? ❑ Basic concepts of women's reproductive health indicators, roles and functions of a women's health nurse gelisimedu igugelisim  Indicators should be regarded as indicative or suggestive of problems or issues needing action. Women’s reproductive health indicators gelisimedu igugelisim 1. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) Total number of children a woman would have by the end of her reproductive period if she experienced the currently prevailing age-specific fertility rates throughout her childbearing life 2. Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR) Percent of women of reproductive age (15-49) who are using (or whose partner is using) a contraceptive method at a particular point in time 3. Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) Annual number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 4. Antenatal Care Coverage Percent of women attended at least once during pregnancy, by skilled health personnel (excluding trained or untrained traditional birth attendants), for reasons relating to pregnancy 5. Percent of Births Attended by Skilled Health Personnel Percent of births attended by skilled health personnel (excluding trained or untrained traditional birth attendants) 6. Availability of Basic Essential Obstetric Care Number of facilities with functioning basic essential obstetric care per 500,000 population 7. Availability of Comprehensive Essential Obstetric Care Number of facilities with functioning comprehensive essential obstetric care per 500,000 population 8. Perinatal Mortality Rate (PMR) Number of perinatal deaths per 1,000 total births 9. Low Birth Weight Prevalence Percent of live births that weigh less than 2,500g 10. Positive Syphilis Serology Prevalence in Pregnant Women Percent of pregnant women attending antenatal clinics, whose blood has been screened for syphilis, with positive serology for syphilis 11. Prevalence of Anemia in Women Percent of women of reproductive age (15-49) screened for hemoglobin levels with levels 110g/l for pregnant women, and 120g/l for non-pregnant women 12. Percent of Obstetric and Gynecological Admissions Owing to Abortion Percent of all cases admitted to service delivery points providing in-patient obstetric and gynecological services, which are due to abortion (spontaneous and induced, but excluding planned termination of pregnancy) 13. Prevalence of Infertility in Women Percent of women of reproductive age (15-49) at risk of pregnancy (not pregnant, sexually active, non-contracepting, and non-lactating) who report trying for a pregnancy for two years or more 14. HIV Prevalence among Pregnant Women Percent of pregnant women attending antenatal clinics, whose blood has been screened for HIV and who are sero-positive for HIV 15. Knowledge of HIV-related Prevention Practices Percent of all respondents who correctly identify all three major ways of preventing the sexual transmission of HIV and who reject three major misconceptions about HIV transmission or prevention Total fertility rate The total number of children that would be born to each woman if she were to live to the end of her child- bearing years. gelisimedu igugelisim Total fertility rate Women of reproductive age refers to all women aged 15–49 years. In some estimates from censuses and surveys, the upper age is taken as 44 years and the last age group is thus 40–44 years. More recently, it has been recommended that total fertility rates be shown both by age 15–44 and by age 15–49 years, especially when survey data are used. The TFR is probably the most commonly used demographic indicator. It is closely associated with contraceptive prevalence and other indicators of reproductive health such as the maternal mortality ratio. It is a useful indicator of population momentum and a good proxy measure for the success (or failure) of family planning services. gelisimedu igugelisim What is maternal death? The death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes The global rate (2017) is 211 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. Every day in 2020, almost 800 women died from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. Almost 95% of all maternal deaths occurred in low and lower middle- income countries in 2020. The high numbers of maternal deaths in some areas of the world reflects inequalities in access to quality health services and highlight the rich and poor. Care by skilled health professionals before, during, and after childbirth can save the lives of women and newborns. gelisimedu igugelisim Why do women die? Women die as a result of complications during and following pregnancy and childbirth Most of these complications develop during pregnancy and most are PREVANTABLE or TREATABLE. The major complications that account for nearly 75% of all maternal deaths are: Severe bleeding (mostly after childbirth) Infections (usually after childbirth) High blood pressure during pregnancy (preeclampsia and eclampsia) Complications from delivery Unsafe abortion gelisimedu igugelisim What is maternal death? Four measures of maternal death : Maternal mortality ratio (MMR): the ratio of the number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100,000 live births during the same time period. (quality of a healthcare system) i. Most widely used measure of maternal death. ii. It measures obstetric risk- in other words, the risk of a woman dying once she is pregnant. iii. It shows the quality of a healthcare system. For example, a ratio of 50–250 per 100 000 may point to problems of quality of care for labor/delivery, while higher ratios (>250) may suggest problems of access as well. Maternal mortality rate (MMRate): the number of maternal deaths in a population divided by the number of women of reproductive age, usually expressed per 1,000 women Lifetime risk of maternal death: a calculated prediction of a woman's risk of death after each consecutive pregnancy Proportion of maternal deaths among deaths of women of reproductive age (PM): the number of maternal deaths in a given time period divided by the total deaths among women aged 15–49 years gelisimedu igugelisim Maternal mortality ratio gelisimedu igugelisim Perinatal mortality is associated with poor maternal health. It provides useful insight into the quality of intrapartum and immediate postnatal care and may be used as a good proxy measure of the quality of those services. Perinatal mortality rate Perinatal mortality (PNM) refers to the death of a fetus or neonate The World Health Organization defines perinatal mortality as the "number of stillbirths and deaths in the first week of life per 1,000 total births, the perinatal period commences at 22 completed weeks (154 days) of gestation (the time when birth weight is normally 500g), and ends seven completed days after birth In developed countries it is below 10 It is 9.1 in 2019 in Turkey gelisimedu igugelisim  Definitions Live birth is the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product of conception, irrespective of the duration of the pregnancy, which, after such separation, breathes or shows any other evidence of life, such as beating of the heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of voluntary muscles, whether or not the umbilical cord has been cut or the placenta is attached; each product of such a birth is considered live born. Fetal death is death prior to the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product of conception, irrespective of the duration of pregnancy; the death is indicated by the fact that after such separation the fetus does not breathe or show any other evidence of life, such as beating of the heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of voluntary muscles. The duration of gestation is measured from the first day of the last normal menstrual period. Gestational age is expressed in completed days or completed weeks (e.g. events occurring 280 to 286 completed days after the onset of the last normal menstrual period are considered to have occurred at 40 weeks of gestation). gelisimedu igugelisim  Brief information Low birth weight: < 2500 gr Very low birth weight: