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Questions and Answers

What percentage of women of reproductive age is considered for the prevalence of infertility?

  • Women aged 10-44 years
  • Women aged 15-49 years (correct)
  • Women aged 15-39 years
  • Women aged 20-40 years

    • Which of the following is included in the measure of HIV prevalence among pregnant women?

  • Percentage of pregnant women attending antenatal clinics (correct)
  • Percentage of women who give birth in hospitals
  • Percentage of all sexually active women
  • Percentage of non-pregnant women screened for HIV

    • What level of hemoglobin indicates anemia in pregnant women?

  • 120 g/l
  • 130 g/l
  • 100 g/l
  • 110 g/l (correct)

    • What is the total fertility rate (TFR) primarily associated with?

    <p>Contraceptive prevalence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the statistic measuring obstetric and gynecological admissions due to abortion exclude?

    <p>Planned termination of pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of women is assessed for anemia prevalence based on hemoglobin levels?

    <p>Women of reproductive age (15-49)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is concerned with knowledge of HIV-related prevention practices?

    <p>All respondents identifying misconceptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is total fertility rate typically displayed when survey data is used?

    <p>By ages 15-44 and 15-49 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) indicate?

    <p>The number of children a woman would have by the end of her reproductive period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reproductive health indicator measures the annual maternal deaths per 100,000 live births?

    <p>Maternal Mortality Ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR) indicate?

    <p>The percentage of women of reproductive age using contraceptives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in the Antenatal Care Coverage indicator?

    <p>Women attended by skilled health personnel during pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which indicator assesses the availability of facilities providing basic obstetric care?

    <p>Availability of Basic Essential Obstetric Care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Low Birth Weight Prevalence indicator measure?

    <p>The percentage of live births that weigh less than 2,500g.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Perinatal Mortality Rate (PMR) quantify?

    <p>Number of perinatal deaths per 1,000 total births.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by Comprehensive Essential Obstetric Care?

    <p>Number of facilities with advanced obstetric services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a maternal death as defined in the context provided?

    <p>The death of a woman due to any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of maternal deaths occurred in low and lower middle-income countries in 2020?

    <p>95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following complications is a significant cause of maternal deaths?

    <p>Severe bleeding after childbirth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) indicate?

    <p>The risk of a woman dying once she is pregnant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication is associated with high blood pressure during pregnancy?

    <p>Preeclampsia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many women died from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth daily in 2020?

    <p>800 women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor that can help reduce maternal deaths?

    <p>Care from skilled health professionals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a high maternal mortality ratio (>250 per 100,000) suggest?

    <p>Issues related to access to healthcare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maternal mortality rate (MMRate)?

    <p>The number of maternal deaths divided by the number of women of reproductive age, expressed per 1,000 women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the lifetime risk of maternal death calculated?

    <p>A prediction of a woman's risk of death after each consecutive pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the proportion of maternal deaths among deaths of women of reproductive age (PM) represent?

    <p>The number of maternal deaths in a time period divided by total deaths of women aged 15-49</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of perinatal mortality?

    <p>Deaths of a fetus or neonate in the first week of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the World Health Organization, at what point does the perinatal period commence?

    <p>At 22 completed weeks of gestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the perinatal mortality rate in Turkey as of 2019?

    <p>9.1 per 1,000 total births</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What qualifies as a live birth?

    <p>The expulsion of a product of conception showing evidence of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is fetal death defined?

    <p>Death of the fetus before complete expulsion from the mother</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Istanbul Gelisim University

    • Istanbul Gelisim University is focused on Ecological, Economic and Social Sustainability.
    • Website: www.gelisim.edu.tr

    Department of Nursing (ENG)

    • Name of Course: WOMEN'S HEALTH AND DISEASES NURSING
    • Name of Lecturer: Dr. N. Alper Sahbaz, MD

    Course Information

    What we are going to learn in this week?

    • Anatomy and physiology of male and female reproductive organs

    Female Puberty

    • Average age of onset: 8
    • Puberty Events and Ages
      • Growth of breasts (thelarche): 13 years old
      • Growth of pubic hair (adrenarche): 14 years old
      • Body Growth: 9 1/2-14 ½ years old
      • First Menstruation (menarche): 10-16-2 years
      • Underarm Hair (adrenarche): Around the same time as underarm hair appears.

    Brief Information about Male and Female Puberty

    • Puberty in males: 10-14 years (average 11-12)
    • Puberty in Females: Starts approximately 1 year earlier than in males (10-11)
    • Puberty Events in males, in order:
      • Growth of the scrotum and testes
      • Lengthening of the penis
      • Pubic hair growth
      • Growth spurt
      • Facial and underarm hair growth

    Hormones

    • Hormone responsible for male puberty: Testosterone

    Ovaries

    • Two, small, solid oval structures.
    • Located in the pelvic cavity
    • Produce ova and secrete female hormones
    • At birth, most contain 200,000-400,000 immature ova (oocytes).
    • Menopause signals the end of child-bearing years.
    • Climacteric is the period leading up to menopause.

    Uterus

    • About 7-8 cm long.
    • Three parts:
      • Fundus (upper portion)
      • Body (middle portion)
      • Cervix (lower portion)
    • Three layers:
      • Perimetrium (outer layer)
      • Myometrium (middle layer)
      • Endometrium (inner layer)

    Fallopian Tubes

    • 10-15 cm long
    • Finger-like projections (fimbriae) pull the ovum into the tube
    • Site of fertilization
    • Zygote travels through tube to uterus (approx. 4-7 days)

    Vagina

    • Extends from cervix to outside of the body (8-10 cm)
    • Releases menstrual fluids
    • Birth canal
    • Stimulates male penis during intercourse
    • Slightly acidic to prevent pathogen growth

    Movement of an Oocyte during the Female Cycle

    • Diagrams of ovulation and fertilization stages

    External Genitalia

    • Vulva: Collective name for external female genitalia
    • Consists of:
      • Mons pubis
      • Labia majora
      • Labia minora
      • Clitoris
      • Perineum
    • Bartholin's glands secrete a fluid into the area between labia minora during sexual activity.

    Breasts

    • Mammary glands varying in size according to age, heredity and amount of fatty tissue present
    • 15-20 glandular lobes, separated by connective tissue.
    • After childbirth, the pituitary gland stimulates these lobules with the hormone prolactin.

    Front View of Breast

    • Diagram showing various parts: Lymph Nodes, Muscles, Lobules, Ducts, Areola, Adipose tissue, Cooper's ligaments, Small ducts & Acini, Major ducts, Nipple and lobes

    Pelvic Bone (standing)

    • Diagram of the bony pelvis showing major anatomical structures.

    Male Reproductive System: Scrotum

    • Pouch of skin containing the testes and epididymis
    • Scrotal tissue contracts to regulate temperature for sperm viability.

    Male Reproductive System: Penis

    • Urethra runs length of the penis.
    • Fills with blood during arousal for copulation.

    Male Reproductive System: Testicles

    • Oval-shaped, divided into lobules.
    • Sperm is formed in seminiferous tubes within the lobules.
    • Mature sperm stored in epididymis (400-600 cm tube).

    Male Reproductive System: Sperm

    • Carry either X or Y chromosome.
    • Head contains enzymes for penetrating ova.
    • Midpiece provides energy (ATP).
    • Tail provides motility.

    Hormonal Control of Testosterone Secretion

    • Diagram illustrating the hormonal processes involved in sperm production.
    • Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone), FSH(follicle-stimulating hormone), LH(luteinizing hormone) and Testosterone

    Male Reproductive System: Vas Deferens and Seminal Vesicles

    • Muscular tubes transporting sperm from epididymis to seminal vesicles.
    • Seminal vesicles produce alkaline fluid that mixes with sperm in semen to protect from urethra and vagina acidity.

    Male Reproductive System: Prostate and Cowper's glands

    • Prostate: secretes alkaline fluid mixing with sperm (semen).
    • Enlargement of prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia) can obstruct urine flow.
    • Cowper's glands produce mucous-alkaline fluid for semen.

    Important Questions (Multiple Choice)

    • Answers to questions regarding the subject matter. (see individual pages for the questions)

    Preventative Care, High Risk Pregnancies, etc.

    Important details of health care, with a particular focus on preventing obstetric complications, high risk pregnancies and the like.

    Nurses' Roles in Prenatal Care

    • Education and Counseling:
    • Health Checkups and Tests:
    • Blood pressure, Weight, Swelling, Blood tests, Ultrasound.

    Nurses' Roles in Prenatal Care (continued)

    • Double Test
    • Triple Test
    • Ultrasound Check-ups (First, Second & Third Trimester)
    • Managing High-Risk Pregnancies:
    • Hypertension
    • Preeclampsia
    • Eclampsia
    • Family Planning; Breastfeeding recommendations
    • Emotional support
    • Spotting Emergencies; Acting Fast

    The Role of Nurses in Postpartum Care

    • Postpartum Depression
    • Newborn Care
    • Family Planning

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