History of Anatomy: Middle Ages to Renaissance
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History of Anatomy: Middle Ages to Renaissance

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Questions and Answers

Who is credited with the discovery of the ovum?

  • Claudius Galen
  • Hippocrates
  • Herophilus (correct)
  • Aristotle
  • What was the name of the oath that Hippocrates was memorialized in?

  • The Physician's Pledge
  • The Hippocratic oath (correct)
  • The Medical Creed
  • The Oath of Medicine
  • What was the name of the first ever account of embryology written by?

  • Claudius Galen
  • Hippocrates
  • Aristotle (correct)
  • Herophilus
  • Who attributed diseases to natural causes?

    <p>Hippocrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is regarded as the 'Prince of Physicians'?

    <p>Claudius Galen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the name of the theory that attributed health and disease to the balance of four bodily humors?

    <p>Humoral theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who performed vivisections and dissections of human cadavers?

    <p>Herophilus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'anatome' originate from?

    <p>Latin language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Anatomy Act of 1832?

    <p>To establish schools of anatomy for dissection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the United Kingdom, what is necessary to store and retain specimens?

    <p>Informed consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was Saartjie Baartman?

    <p>A South African woman born in 1789</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the Murder Act of 1752?

    <p>To provide a form of 'post mortem' punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the responsibility of the inspector of anatomy?

    <p>Regulation of schools of anatomy by legislation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the human body through dissection?

    <p>Cadaveric anatomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the 'Father of Modern Anatomy'?

    <p>Vesalius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for moving away from the median plane?

    <p>Abduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following anatomists made significant contributions to the field of anatomy through detailed anatomical sketches?

    <p>Leonardo da Vinci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the Canon of Medicine in the Islamic world?

    <p>It was a widely used textbook on anatomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who translated 129 of Galen's works into Arabic?

    <p>Hunayn ibn Ishaq</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for straightening or increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body?

    <p>Extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period did the study of anatomy experience a significant resurgence?

    <p>Renaissance Period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rotation brings the anterior surface of a limb closer to the median plane?

    <p>Medial rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement involves moving a part backward?

    <p>Retraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movement turns the sole of the foot inward?

    <p>Inversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side?

    <p>Radial Deviation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for turning the arm or foot downward?

    <p>Pronation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the movement of the ankle that points the foot downward?

    <p>Plantarflexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movement involves raising a part?

    <p>Elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for side-bending left or right?

    <p>Lateral Flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand?

    <p>Opposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The History of Anatomy

    • Anatomy became stagnant in Christian Europe but flourished in the Islamic world, where Arabs translated Galen's works into Arabic.
    • The Canon of Medicine, written by Ibn Sina, was a highly influential and authoritative book on anatomy in the Islamic world.

    Renaissance Period

    • This period, lasting from the 14th to the 16th century, was characterized by a rebirth of science and a transition from the Middle Ages to the modern age.
    • The Canon of Medicine remained a significant textbook on anatomy during this period.
    • A series of authors dissected cadavers, leading to advancements in anatomy.

    Leonardo da Vinci

    • Da Vinci was a great Italian genius who was a painter, sculptor, architect, musician, anatomist, and engineer.
    • He observed dissections on cadavers and created 500 anatomical sketches, which were published in 1898.
    • Da Vinci is known as the originator of cross-sectional anatomy and was the first to describe the moderator band of the right ventricle.

    Vesalius

    • Born in Brussels, Vesalius was a professor of anatomy at the University of Padua in Italy.
    • His work, De humani corporis fabrica, written in 7 volumes, revolutionized the teaching of anatomy.
    • Vesalius challenged hundreds of Galen's erroneous concepts and is considered the Father of Modern Anatomy and the Reformer of Anatomy.

    Anatomical Terminology

    • Flexion: bending or decreasing the angle between bones or parts of the body.
    • Extension: straightening or increasing the angle between bones or parts of the body.
    • Hyperextension: extending a limb or body part beyond its normal limit.
    • Abduction: moving away from the median plane.
    • Adduction: moving towards the median plane.

    Ancient Anatomy

    • The history of human anatomy parallels that of medicine and has been influenced by various religions, including Babylonians, Syrians, Egyptians, Chinese, and Hindus.
    • Religious beliefs conflicted with the desecration of the human body, hindering anatomical studies.

    Grecian Period

    • Hippocrates (460-377 BC) was a Greek physician known as the Father of Medicine.
    • He attributed diseases to natural causes and developed the humoral theory, which included four body humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile.
    • Aristotle (384-322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and zoologist who wrote the first account of embryology, including heart development and the naming of the aorta.

    Roman Period

    • Claudius Galen (AD 132-201) was a renowned physician who wrote extensively on medical subjects, including anatomy, physiology, pathology, and symptomatology.
    • Galen identified veins and arteries containing blood and studied the functions of the kidneys and spinal cord.

    History of Anatomy

    • The past is living material out of which humans build for the future (Rene Dubos, 1901-1982).
    • Anatomy is derived from the Greek word "anatome," meaning "to cut up."
    • Dissection is the Latin equivalent of anatomy.

    Subdivisions of Anatomy

    • Cadaveric anatomy: the study of the human body through dissection.
    • Macroscopic/Gross anatomy: the study of the structure and organization of living things that can be seen with the naked eye.
    • Regional anatomy: the study of the human body by dividing it into regions, such as the head, neck, and torso.
    • Systemic anatomy: the study of the human body by dividing it into systems, such as the nervous, circulatory, and digestive systems.

    United Kingdom

    • The dissection of executed criminals was legalized in 1752, and laws were established to allow for the use of unclaimed bodies between 1830 and 1833.
    • The Anatomy Act of 1832 aimed to teach anatomy and establish schools of anatomy for dissection.
    • The inspector of anatomy was responsible for supervising schools of anatomy, regulating them through legislation, and protecting the public from dissection.

    Present Day UK

    • Informed consent is necessary for storing and retaining specimens in the United Kingdom.
    • Controversies surrounding procurement methods have led to debates, including the Bristol Inquiry and Green Lane Heart Inquiry.

    South Africa

    • Saartjie Baartman was a South African woman who was exploited and dissected after her death in the 19th century.

    Movements

    • Rotation: turning and revolving a part of the body around its longitudinal axis.
    • Medial rotation: bringing the anterior surface of a limb closer to the median plane.
    • Lateral rotation: taking the anterior surface away from the median plane.
    • Pronation: turning the arm or foot downward (palm or sole of the foot down).
    • Supination: turning the arm or foot upward (palm or sole of the foot up).
    • Retraction: moving a part backward.
    • Protraction: moving a part forward.
    • Elevation: raising a part.
    • Depression: lowering a part.
    • Lateral flexion: side-bending left or right.
    • Inversion: turning the sole of the foot inward.
    • Eversion: turning the sole of the foot outward.
    • Dorsiflexion: an ankle movement bringing the foot towards the shin.
    • Plantarflexion: an ankle movement pointing the foot downward.
    • Radial deviation: movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side.
    • Ulnar deviation: movement of the wrist towards the ulna or medial side.
    • Opposition: movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand.
    • Reposition: movement of the 1st digit from the position of opposition back to its anatomical position.

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    This quiz covers the development of anatomy from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance period, including the contributions of Islamic scholars and the influence of Galen's works.

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