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Who is credited with the discovery of the ovum?
Who is credited with the discovery of the ovum?
What was the name of the oath that Hippocrates was memorialized in?
What was the name of the oath that Hippocrates was memorialized in?
What was the name of the first ever account of embryology written by?
What was the name of the first ever account of embryology written by?
Who attributed diseases to natural causes?
Who attributed diseases to natural causes?
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Who is regarded as the 'Prince of Physicians'?
Who is regarded as the 'Prince of Physicians'?
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What was the name of the theory that attributed health and disease to the balance of four bodily humors?
What was the name of the theory that attributed health and disease to the balance of four bodily humors?
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Who performed vivisections and dissections of human cadavers?
Who performed vivisections and dissections of human cadavers?
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What does the term 'anatome' originate from?
What does the term 'anatome' originate from?
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What is the purpose of the Anatomy Act of 1832?
What is the purpose of the Anatomy Act of 1832?
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In the United Kingdom, what is necessary to store and retain specimens?
In the United Kingdom, what is necessary to store and retain specimens?
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Who was Saartjie Baartman?
Who was Saartjie Baartman?
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What was the purpose of the Murder Act of 1752?
What was the purpose of the Murder Act of 1752?
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What is the responsibility of the inspector of anatomy?
What is the responsibility of the inspector of anatomy?
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What is the term for the study of the human body through dissection?
What is the term for the study of the human body through dissection?
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Who is considered the 'Father of Modern Anatomy'?
Who is considered the 'Father of Modern Anatomy'?
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What is the term for moving away from the median plane?
What is the term for moving away from the median plane?
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Which of the following anatomists made significant contributions to the field of anatomy through detailed anatomical sketches?
Which of the following anatomists made significant contributions to the field of anatomy through detailed anatomical sketches?
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What was the significance of the Canon of Medicine in the Islamic world?
What was the significance of the Canon of Medicine in the Islamic world?
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Who translated 129 of Galen's works into Arabic?
Who translated 129 of Galen's works into Arabic?
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What is the term for straightening or increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body?
What is the term for straightening or increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body?
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During which period did the study of anatomy experience a significant resurgence?
During which period did the study of anatomy experience a significant resurgence?
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What type of rotation brings the anterior surface of a limb closer to the median plane?
What type of rotation brings the anterior surface of a limb closer to the median plane?
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Which movement involves moving a part backward?
Which movement involves moving a part backward?
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What type of movement turns the sole of the foot inward?
What type of movement turns the sole of the foot inward?
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What is the movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side?
What is the movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side?
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What is the term for turning the arm or foot downward?
What is the term for turning the arm or foot downward?
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What is the movement of the ankle that points the foot downward?
What is the movement of the ankle that points the foot downward?
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What type of movement involves raising a part?
What type of movement involves raising a part?
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What is the term for side-bending left or right?
What is the term for side-bending left or right?
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What is the movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand?
What is the movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand?
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Study Notes
The History of Anatomy
- Anatomy became stagnant in Christian Europe but flourished in the Islamic world, where Arabs translated Galen's works into Arabic.
- The Canon of Medicine, written by Ibn Sina, was a highly influential and authoritative book on anatomy in the Islamic world.
Renaissance Period
- This period, lasting from the 14th to the 16th century, was characterized by a rebirth of science and a transition from the Middle Ages to the modern age.
- The Canon of Medicine remained a significant textbook on anatomy during this period.
- A series of authors dissected cadavers, leading to advancements in anatomy.
Leonardo da Vinci
- Da Vinci was a great Italian genius who was a painter, sculptor, architect, musician, anatomist, and engineer.
- He observed dissections on cadavers and created 500 anatomical sketches, which were published in 1898.
- Da Vinci is known as the originator of cross-sectional anatomy and was the first to describe the moderator band of the right ventricle.
Vesalius
- Born in Brussels, Vesalius was a professor of anatomy at the University of Padua in Italy.
- His work, De humani corporis fabrica, written in 7 volumes, revolutionized the teaching of anatomy.
- Vesalius challenged hundreds of Galen's erroneous concepts and is considered the Father of Modern Anatomy and the Reformer of Anatomy.
Anatomical Terminology
- Flexion: bending or decreasing the angle between bones or parts of the body.
- Extension: straightening or increasing the angle between bones or parts of the body.
- Hyperextension: extending a limb or body part beyond its normal limit.
- Abduction: moving away from the median plane.
- Adduction: moving towards the median plane.
Ancient Anatomy
- The history of human anatomy parallels that of medicine and has been influenced by various religions, including Babylonians, Syrians, Egyptians, Chinese, and Hindus.
- Religious beliefs conflicted with the desecration of the human body, hindering anatomical studies.
Grecian Period
- Hippocrates (460-377 BC) was a Greek physician known as the Father of Medicine.
- He attributed diseases to natural causes and developed the humoral theory, which included four body humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile.
- Aristotle (384-322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and zoologist who wrote the first account of embryology, including heart development and the naming of the aorta.
Roman Period
- Claudius Galen (AD 132-201) was a renowned physician who wrote extensively on medical subjects, including anatomy, physiology, pathology, and symptomatology.
- Galen identified veins and arteries containing blood and studied the functions of the kidneys and spinal cord.
History of Anatomy
- The past is living material out of which humans build for the future (Rene Dubos, 1901-1982).
- Anatomy is derived from the Greek word "anatome," meaning "to cut up."
- Dissection is the Latin equivalent of anatomy.
Subdivisions of Anatomy
- Cadaveric anatomy: the study of the human body through dissection.
- Macroscopic/Gross anatomy: the study of the structure and organization of living things that can be seen with the naked eye.
- Regional anatomy: the study of the human body by dividing it into regions, such as the head, neck, and torso.
- Systemic anatomy: the study of the human body by dividing it into systems, such as the nervous, circulatory, and digestive systems.
United Kingdom
- The dissection of executed criminals was legalized in 1752, and laws were established to allow for the use of unclaimed bodies between 1830 and 1833.
- The Anatomy Act of 1832 aimed to teach anatomy and establish schools of anatomy for dissection.
- The inspector of anatomy was responsible for supervising schools of anatomy, regulating them through legislation, and protecting the public from dissection.
Present Day UK
- Informed consent is necessary for storing and retaining specimens in the United Kingdom.
- Controversies surrounding procurement methods have led to debates, including the Bristol Inquiry and Green Lane Heart Inquiry.
South Africa
- Saartjie Baartman was a South African woman who was exploited and dissected after her death in the 19th century.
Movements
- Rotation: turning and revolving a part of the body around its longitudinal axis.
- Medial rotation: bringing the anterior surface of a limb closer to the median plane.
- Lateral rotation: taking the anterior surface away from the median plane.
- Pronation: turning the arm or foot downward (palm or sole of the foot down).
- Supination: turning the arm or foot upward (palm or sole of the foot up).
- Retraction: moving a part backward.
- Protraction: moving a part forward.
- Elevation: raising a part.
- Depression: lowering a part.
- Lateral flexion: side-bending left or right.
- Inversion: turning the sole of the foot inward.
- Eversion: turning the sole of the foot outward.
- Dorsiflexion: an ankle movement bringing the foot towards the shin.
- Plantarflexion: an ankle movement pointing the foot downward.
- Radial deviation: movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side.
- Ulnar deviation: movement of the wrist towards the ulna or medial side.
- Opposition: movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand.
- Reposition: movement of the 1st digit from the position of opposition back to its anatomical position.
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Description
This quiz covers the development of anatomy from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance period, including the contributions of Islamic scholars and the influence of Galen's works.
