IB Unit 3 Study Guide: Genetics - Biology PDF

**Unit 3 Study Guide: Genetics** **Issues in Biology** 1. Define *trait* and give examples of various traits. 2. Define the following: *heredity* and *genetics*. 3. Distinguish between a *haploid* and a *diploid* cell. 4. Define a *homologous chromosome pair* and identi...

**Unit 3 Study Guide: Genetics** **Issues in Biology** 1. Define *trait* and give examples of various traits. 2. Define the following: *heredity* and *genetics*. 3. Distinguish between a *haploid* and a *diploid* cell. 4. Define a *homologous chromosome pair* and identify their shared characteristics. 5. Distinguish between *gametes* and *somatic cells*. 6. Describe *sexual reproduction* and understand that offspring produced by sexual reproduction are not identical to the parents. 7. Identify the *male* and *female gametes*. 8. Define *zygote*. 9. Explain why *mitosis* is NOT involved in the formation of gametes. 10. Describe the condition of *Down Syndrome* (trisomy 21). 11. In terms of human chromosome number, what does 2n +1 indicate? 12. How many sets of chromosomes does both the human male and female contribute to the offspring in sexual reproduction? How many numbers of chromosomes? 13. Understand that gametes are *haploid cells* and the zygote is a *diploid cell*. 14. Describe the process and purpose of *meiosis*. 15. Describe the events of *meiosis I* and *meiosis II*. 16. Define *gonad* and identify the male and female gonads. 17. Compare and contrast *mitosis* and *meiosis*. 18. Define *spermatogenesis* and identify where it occurs. 19. Describe the process of *spermatogenesis* identifying the following: *spermatogonium, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocytes* and *spermatids.* 20. Define *oogenesis* and identify where it occurs. 21. Describe the process of *oogenesis* identifying the following: *oogonium, primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, polar bodies* and *egg (ovum).* 22. Understand that meiosis produces variation via *segregation of homologous chromosome pairs, Law of Independent Assortment* and *crossing-over*. 23. Explain why *variation* among members of a species is important. 24. Describe the *segregation of homologous chromosome pairs* during meiosis. 25. Identify the symbols for male and female. 26. Describe the *Law of Independent Assortment* and how it contributes to variation in offspring. 27. How many possible chromosome combinations are possible in human gametes due to the *Law of Independent Assortment*? 28. Describe *crossing-over* and how it contributes to variation in offspring produced by sexual reproduction. 29. Define *fertilization* *(conception)* and identify *w*hen life first begins. 30. Distinguish between *sex chromosomes* and *autosomal chromosomes* and identify the number of each in a human somatic cell. 31. Identify the type of sex chromosomes possessed by both human males and females. 32. Identify the probability of a couple having a child that is a girl. A boy? 33. Distinguish between *fraternal (dizygotic)* and *identical (monozygotic) twins*. 34. Describe how *conjoined twins* are produced. 35. Identify *Gregor Mendel* as the father of genetics. 36. Identify the characteristics of a good genetic subject. 37. Identify the seven *traits* and the *contrasting characteristics* of each for Mendel's English Garden Pea genetic subject. 38. Describe how the garden pea plant reproduces, identifying the following flower parts and their functions: *stamen, anther, filament, pistil, stigma, style* and *ovary*. 39. Define *pollination* and describe the two types of pollination: *self-pollination* and *cross-pollination*. 40. Describe the following generations: *parent generation, first filial* and *second filial*. 41. Describe Mendel's genetic experiments with the English Garden Pea plant. 42. Identify Mendel's interpretations of his genetic experiments with the English Garden Pea plant. 43. Mendel's *"factors"* are today known as what? 44. Describe Mendel's *Principle of Dominance and Recessiveness*. 45. Define *allele* and describe both *dominant* and *recessive alleles*. 46. Contrast and give examples of *homozygous* and *heterozygous* allele pairs. 47. Contrast *genotype* and *phenotype* and give examples of each. 48. Be able to perform genetic crosses of various patterns of inheritance using the *Punnett Square method*. 49. Be able to calculate *genotypic* and *phenotypic ratios*. 50. Contrast a *monohybrid* and a *dihybrid cross*. 51. Define and be able to interpret a *test cross*. 52. Describe an *incomplete dominance pattern of inheritance* and give an example. 53. Describe a *codominance pattern of inheritance* and give an example. 54. Describe a *multiple allelism pattern of inheritance* and give an example. 55. Identify the genes that produce human ABO blood type genotypes. 56. Identify the patterns of inheritance involved in ABO blood type. 57. Be able to perform an ABO blood type cross. 58. Describe the *Rh blood antigen* and its dominant and recessive pattern of inheritance. 59. Be able to interpret an ABO blood type paternity problem. 60. Identify the type of Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies found in the plasma of A, B, AB and O blood type individuals. 61. Describe ABO blood type compatibility. 62. Describe *polygenic inheritance* and give an example. 63. Define *quantitative trait* and give examples of such traits. 64. Describe *sex-linked inheritance*. 65. Identify the two types of sex-linked inheritance: *X-linked inheritance* and *holandric inheritance.* 66. Describe the contributions to genetics of Thomas Hunt Morgan. 67. Identify characteristics of traits associated with *X-linked inheritance*. 68. Define *carrier* as it applies to genetics and give an example. 69. Define *pedigree*. 70. Identify pedigree analysis symbols. 71. Be able to determine the type of inheritance pattern represented on a pedigree chart. 72. Discuss the influence of environment on genetics.