Master Study Guide Biology PDF

Natural Selection & Adaptations Process of Evolution by Natural Selection Populations will produce more offspring than can survive Limited resources (shelter, food, mates) The offspring will have diverse inherited characteristics Only some of those characteristics will be beneficial Only the ind...

Natural Selection & Adaptations Process of Evolution by Natural Selection Populations will produce more offspring than can survive Limited resources (shelter, food, mates) The offspring will have diverse inherited characteristics Only some of those characteristics will be beneficial Only the individuals with beneficial characteristics will survive & reproduce Over time this causes the genetic makeup of the population to shift toward the favorable characteristics Natural Selection The process by which only the individuals with favorable characteristics are able to survive and reproduce Adaptation The change over time of a population toward favorable characteristics This population is adapted to be antibiotic resistant This population is not adapted Natural selection occurs at the population level It affects POPULATIONS not individuals Individuals do NOT adapt, only populations can An individual cannot change its genetics to adapt, but the genetics of a population can change over time in response to natural selection Adaptation is a result of natural selection Natural Selection & adaptation can only occur in species that are diverse If there is no genetic diversity, and the characteristics become unfavorable, the entire population will die out Answer: B Practice Questions Answer: A Answer: B Answer: G Answer: B Answer: A Answer: D Answer: H Answer: D Answer: F Answer: G Answer: H Answer: G Answer: D Answer: F Answer: J Answer: C Answer: B Cell Organelles:Identification and Functions Chloroplast Captures solar energy Where photosynthesis occurs In plant cells and some algae cells Golgi Body Package Distributes product The UPS of the cell Lysosomes Digests excess products and food particles Mitochondria Where respiration occurs Nucleus Contains DNA, which controls cellular activity Ribosome Produce proteins Can be found attached to the rough ER and in the cytoplasm Vacuole Used for storage Plants have a large central vacuole Animals have several small vacuoles Cell membrane (plasma membrane) Phospholipid bilayer that protects and encloses the cell and organelles Controls transport and maintains homeostasis Cell wall Rigid second layer that protects and encloses the cell Only in plant cells and some bacteria Cytoplasm Fluid-like substance in the cell Surrounds all organelles Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Site of chemical reactions Rough—has ribosomes Smooth—lipid production Cytoskeleton Microfilaments and microtubules Provides internal structure to the cell Practice questions Answer: C Practice questions Answer: A Identify the organelles What organelles are missing? Patterns of Inheritance Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses Codominance Incomplete dominance 43 How are offspring influenced by genetic combinations? Traits are controlled by factors that pass from parent to offspring. These factors are called genes. The different forms of a gene are alleles. Mendel’s principle of dominance states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive. The recessive allele is exhibited only when the dominant allele is not present. When both alleles are the same, the individual is homozygous for that trait. When the alleles are different, the individual is heterozygous for the trait. The separation of alleles is called segregation. When gametes (sex cells) form, alleles segregate so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene. The offspring gets a new combination of alleles: one from each parent. The genetic makeup of an organism is called its genotype. The organism's physical traits are its phenotype. How can you predict the outcomes of monohybrid crosses? When doing a genetic cross, the parent organisms are the P, or parental generation. The offspring are called the F1, or first filial generation. A monohybrid cross is a cross in which there are two contrasting alleles for a single gene. A Punnett square is a diagram that helps predict combinations in genetic crosses. Punnett squares are easy to construct. How do you make a Punnett square? How can you predict the outcomes of dihybrid crosses? A dihybrid cross is one in which there are two genes. The principle of independent assortment states that genes for different traits could segregate independently during the formation of gametes. To construct a Punnett square for a dihybrid cross, follow the same steps. How to make a Dihybrid Punnett Square 49 What are some other patterns of inheritance? In incomplete dominance, alleles are neither dominant nor recessive. Instead, the heterozygous phenotype lies somewhere between the two homozygous phenotypes. In four o’clock plants, the alleles for red and white flowers show incomplete dominance. Heterozygous (RW) plants have pink flowers—a mix of red and white coloring. What is codominance? In codominance, the phenotypes produced by both alleles are clearly expressed. For example, in certain varieties of chicken, the allele for black feathers is codominant with the allele for white feathers. Heterozygous chickens have a color described as erminette, speckled with black and white feathers. What are multiple alleles? Many genes exist in several different forms and are therefore said to have multiple alleles. A gene with more than two alleles is said to have multiple alleles. One of the best-known examples is human blood type. There are three alleles for blood type, A, B, and O, which combine to give us the familiar blood types of A, B, O, and AB. 52 What are polygenic traits? Many traits are produced by the interaction of several genes. Traits controlled by two or more genes are said to be polygenic traits. The variety of skin color in humans comes about partly because more than four different genes probably control this trait. The environment can also affect the way in which an organism’s genes are expressed. Practice Questions Answer:F 54 Answer:F 55 Answer:C 56 Answer:D 57 Answer:F 58 Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Formulas They are opposites Reactants for photosynthesis are the products for respiration and vice versa What organisms use cellular respiration? ALL ORGANISMS Plants use photosynthesis to make glucose, but the glucose still needs broken down to be usable by the plant What organisms use photosynthesis? Plants, algae, and some bacteria If it has chloroplasts, it photosynthesizes Practice questions Answer: A Practice questions Answer: G Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Formula -Sunlight is captured by chlorophyll in the chloroplasts and produces glucose -Glucose then converted to energy through cellular respiration Light Reactions -Require sunlight -Captured light energy is transferred to electrons that come from water -Oxygen is a by product Calvin Cycle (Dark reactions) Energized electrons are transferred to carbon dioxide to form glucose Practice questions Answer: D Answer: F Answer: D Plants Plant Parts Roots bring up water from soil, anchor to the ground, food storage Flowers used for reproduction Leaves = photosynthesis Stem is for transport of water and nutrients and structural support Fruit carries seeds away from the plant to grow (animal eats it, walks away, excretes it somewhere else) Plant Reproduction Pollen released from anther Pollen is carried away by the wind to another flower Lands on the sticky stigma to fertilize the eggs Plant Transport (vascular system) Xylem-“Xy-High” carries water and minerals up from the roots to the rest of the plant Phloem-”Phlo-low” carries nutrients down from the leaves to the rest of the plant Xy-high Pho-low Adaptations for water loss prevention Stoma open when full of water and close when water is limited Waxy cuticle as outside layer of plant “skin” Guard cell Tropisms Positive tropism: growth toward the stimulus Negative tropism: growth away from the stimulus Phototropism: growth in response to light (positive) Plants grow toward a light source Gravitropism: growth in response to gravity (negative) Plants grow away from the ground Thigmotropism: growth in response to touch Positive: A vine growing around a fence Negative: leaves folding up when touched Seed Transport Wind: dandelions Animals: fruits, burrs Water: coconuts Practice Questions Answer: F Answer: B Answer: C Answer: D Answer: F Answer: C Answer: F Answer: C Answer: G Answer: A Answer: J Answer: A Answer: G Answer: C Answer: H Answer: C Answer: Answer: Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Eukaryotic Complex cellular organization Membrane-bound organelles Found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists Larger in size Prokaryotic Cells Simpler cellular organization with no nucleus Nucleoid—not enclosed in a membrane No membrane-bound organelles They are certain types of bacteria Smaller in size Practice questions Answer: G Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Reading Cladograms What is a cladogram? A diagram which shows the relationship between multiple species How to read a cladogram Time runs from root to the tips Start at the bottom node and work your way up The branching pattern of a tree indicates relatedness; taxa (groups) that share more recent common ancestors are more closely related. Trees depict evolutionary relationships, not evolutionary progress. Species farther up the tree are not more “advanced” than those at the bottom, they just occurred later. No matter how the tree looks, you read it the same Important Vocabulary Practice Questions Answer: C Answer: D Answer: H Relationships Between Organisms Symbiosis Predation When an organism eats another organism Parasitism One organism benefits while another is hurt Commensalism One organism benefits while the other is unaffected Mutualism Both organisms in the relationship benefit Competition The struggle for limited resources Food, shelter, mates, etc Trees in a dense forest compete for sunlight Competition for a mate Practice Questions Answer: C Answer: D Answer: D Answer: B Answer: F Answer: G Answer: D Answer: F Answer: G Answer: J Succession How environmental change can impact ecosystem stability Ecosystem Stability Capability of an ecosystem to remain constant despite changing environment, number of species, population sizes, and interactions. What can alter the stability of an ecosystem? A large decrease in population size of one species A large number of organisms leaving the ecosystem A natural disaster - fire, hurricane, tornado, volcano... Succession The process of an ecosystem evolving over time Pioneer species The first species to colonize after a destructive event Usually fungi, lichens, and plants Primary Succession Occurs after a destruction event that leaves no soil or organic matter behind Examples: Volcano - there is nothing left but volcanic rock Glacier retreating - leaves bare bedrock Secondary Succession A destruction event that leaves soil and organic matter Examples: Fire, tornado, hurricane Answer: B Answer: D Answer: D Answer: H Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A Answer: J Answer: G Answer: G Answer: G Answer: J Answer: G Answer: D Universal Genetic Code Remember... Genetic material = DNA and RNA Which are strings of nucleotides Which are made up of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base Nitrogenous bases: the genetic building blocks Adenine Cytosine Guarine Thymine (DNA only) Uracil (RNA only) The genetic code of all living things are made of the same 5 nitrogenous bases The same genetic code DOES NOT mean the same DNA sequence The nitrogenous bases are the same for all living things, but how the bases are ordered is what makes each organism unique Practice Questions Answer: C Answer: D Answer: B Viruses: Lytic vs Lysogenic Cycles Virus Viruses are NOT considered living organisms Composed of a nucleic acid (usually a single stranded RNA) surrounded by a protein coat Must have a host to replicate its RNA Infection of host cell Injects its RNA into the host cell and then the viral RNA replicates and makes more viruses 2 processes of infection Lytic Lysogenic Lytic Cycle Virus attaches to the host cell and injects its RNA RNA is immediately replicated and the host bursts, releasing the virus to attack more cells Example: Flu & Rabies Lysogenic Cycle Host cell infected, but does not immediately die Viral RNA is replicated along with host RNA Virus becomes dormant before spontaneously entering lytic cycle, bursting the cell This could be years later Examples: HIV & Herpes Viruses can infect animals, plants, and bacteria Immunity must be acquired naturally or from vaccinations  Practice Question Answer: J Answer: D Answer: J Answer: F Answer: G Answer: B Answer: B Answer: A Answer: B Answer: J Meiosis 2 Stages Meiosis I: creates 2 daughter cells with an equal number of chromosomes as the mother cell Meiosis II: creates 2 more daughter cells from each cell created in meiosis I, these only have half as many chromosomes as the mother cell 1 cell-> 4 cells Creates Gametes (egg and sperm) Humans have 46 chromosomes Human eggs and sperm have 23 chromosomes...because they are created through meiosis Crossing over Occurs during prophase I (meiosis I) Creates new combinations of genes Increases genetic diversity...its one reason why you and your siblings aren’t exactly alike Practice questions Answer: A Practice questions Answer: B Practice questions Answer: H Practice questions Answer: J Major Scientists Short PPT When done review DNA---RNA---Protein synthesis Evolution Charles Darwin- studied finches and their beak sizes and other animals on the Galapagos Islands. Also studied Iguanas and many others. Wrote On the Origin of Species--published in 1859 Genetics Gregor Mendel- breeding pea plants. DNA Watson and Crick won Nobel Prize for discovering structure of DNA. They stole idea from Rosalind Franklin. She died from ovarian cancer from taking X-rays trying to figure out DNA structure. Erwin Chargraff discovered A pairs with T in DNA and C pairs with G in DNA. RNA A pairs with U C pairs with G Practice Question Answer: J Review DNA Synthesis or DNA to RNA DNA replication occurs in nucleus. Making more DNA!!!!! RNA is synthesized in nucleus but leaves and goes to Ribosome. Ribosomes use RNA to synthesize proteins. Proteins make up our phenotype (physical appearance). Synthesis = to make Major Scientists Short PPT When done review DNA---RNA---Protein synthesis Evolution Charles Darwin- studied finches and their beak sizes and other animals on the Galapagos Islands. Also studied Iguanas and many others. Wrote On the Origin of Species--published in 1859 Genetics Gregor Mendel- breeding pea plants. DNA Watson and Crick won Nobel Prize for discovering structure of DNA. They stole idea from Rosalind Franklin. She died from ovarian cancer from taking X-rays trying to figure out DNA structure. Erwin Chargraff discovered A pairs with T in DNA and C pairs with G in DNA. RNA A pairs with U C pairs with G Practice Question Answer: J Review DNA Synthesis or DNA to RNA DNA replication occurs in nucleus. Making more DNA!!!!! RNA is synthesized in nucleus but leaves and goes to Ribosome. Ribosomes use RNA to synthesize proteins. Proteins make up our phenotype (physical appearance). Synthesis = to make Interactions Among Systems Body systems interact to maintain homeostasis within animals Systems: Know how they work together Digestive---- nutrients Muscular--- skeletal, smooth, cardiac Endocrine---Hormones Nervous---Brain Integumentary---Skin, hair, nails, horns, antlers Skeletal---bones Immune----keeps body healthy Circulatory---moves blood, oxygen Excretory--- Kidneys and Urine Reproductive---sex, gonads, ovaries, testicles Respiratory---oxygen and carbon dioxide Muscular and Skeletal Sytems: Muscles move bones Cardiovascular and Respiratory: Blood carries oxygen throughout the body. Digestive and Muscular: Small and large intestines are smooth muscles that push food/nutrients through the digestive tract. Muscular and Cardiac: Heart is a muscle and it pumps blood. Integumentary and Nervous System: Skin, hair, nails, horns, and nerve cells Immune and Lymphatic System: Immune keeps body healthy Lymphatic rids body of toxins Endocrine System: Deals with hormones Ovaries, testicles, gonads Practice Questions Answer: A Answer: B Answer: J Answer: C Answer: J Answer: G Answer: C Answer: A Answer: B Answer: C Answer: H Answer: G Answer: C Answer: H Answer: H Answer: F Answer: B Answer: C Answer: D Answer: C Answer: C Answer: B HOMEOSTASISMaintaining homeostasis with feedback loops Homeostasis and feedback loops Homeostasis: self-regulating mechanism that maintains internal conditions Feedback loops: when the output of a system amplifies the system (positive feedback) or inhibits the system (negative feedback) Negative feedback loop example Glucose and insulin levels in cells Blood platelets and blood clotting Positive feedback loop example Practice questions Answer: B Answer: C Answer: D Answer: C Answer: F Answer: B Answer: C Answer: B HOMEOSTASISMaintaining homeostasis with feedback loops Homeostasis and feedback loops Homeostasis: self-regulating mechanism that maintains internal conditions Feedback loops: when the output of a system amplifies the system (positive feedback) or inhibits the system (negative feedback) Negative feedback loop example Glucose and insulin levels in cells Blood platelets and blood clotting Positive feedback loop example Practice questions Answer: B Answer: C Answer: D Answer: C Answer: F Answer: B Answer: C Answer: B How are offspring influenced by genetic combinations? Traits are controlled by factors that pass from parent to offspring. These factors are called genes. The different forms of a gene are alleles. Mendel’s principle of dominance states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive. The recessive allele is exhibited only when the dominant allele is not present. When both alleles are the same, the individual is homozygous for that trait. When the alleles are different, the individual is heterozygous for the trait. The separation of alleles is called segregation. When gametes (sex cells) form, alleles segregate so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene. The offspring gets a new combination of alleles: one from each parent. The genetic makeup of an organism is called its genotype. The organism's physical traits are its phenotype. How can you predict the outcomes of monohybrid crosses? When doing a genetic cross, the parent organisms are the P, or parental generation. The offspring are called the F1, or first filial generation. A monohybrid cross is a cross in which there are two contrasting alleles for a single gene. A Punnett square is a diagram that helps predict combinations in genetic crosses. Punnett squares are easy to construct. How do you make a Punnett square? How can you predict the outcomes of dihybrid crosses? A dihybrid cross is one in which there are two genes. The principle of independent assortment states that genes for different traits could segregate independently during the formation of gametes. To construct a Punnett square for a dihybrid cross, follow the same steps. 255 What are some other patterns of inheritance? In incomplete dominance, alleles are neither dominant nor recessive. Instead, the heterozygous phenotype lies somewhere between the two homozygous phenotypes. In four o’clock plants, the alleles for red and white flowers show incomplete dominance. Heterozygous (RW) plants have pink flowers—a mix of red and white coloring. What is codominance? In codominance, the phenotypes produced by both alleles are clearly expressed. For example, in certain varieties of chicken, the allele for black feathers is codominant with the allele for white feathers. Heterozygous chickens have a color described as erminette, speckled with black and white feathers. What are multiple alleles? Many genes exist in several different forms and are therefore said to have multiple alleles. A gene with more than two alleles is said to have multiple alleles. One of the best-known examples is human blood type. There are three alleles for blood type, A, B, and O, which combine to give us the familiar blood types of A, B, O, and AB. 258 What are polygenic traits? Many traits are produced by the interaction of several genes. Traits controlled by two or more genes are said to be polygenic traits. The variety of skin color in humans comes about partly because more than four different genes probably control this trait. The environment can also affect the way in which an organism’s genes are expressed. Some forms of inheritance are distinctly non-Mendelian inheritance because they do not follow the principles described by Gregor Mendel. For example, sometimes the color of a particular plant’s leaves depend only upon the color of tissue in the female parent, which produces the egg cells within its flowers. This is known as maternal inheritance. Human mitochondrial disorders also show a maternal pattern of inheritance. In recent years, a new phenomenon has been added to the list of non-Mendelian patterns of inheritance. DNA bases in certain genes can be chemically modified so that they are not expressed in the next generation. This process is known as genetic imprinting. What is non-Mendelian inheritance? 260 Practice Answer: F 261 Answer: D 262 Answer: C 263 Answer: F 264 Answer:F 265 Answer: C 266 Answer: G 267 Answer: A 268 Answer: A 269 Answer: F 270 Answer: C 271 Ecological Relationships Trophic Level The level that an organism is at in the food chain (producer, primary consumer, etc) Biomass Total mass of organisms in a given area For example: The biomass of a rainforest will be much greater than the biomass of a desert Food Chain Transfer of energy from one organism to the next in an ecological community Arrow always points in the direction of the flow of energy Food Web A system of interlocking and interdependent food chains Ecological Pyramid Highest biomass at bottom of pyramid (there are more plants than there are snakes) Highest amount of energy from the sun at bottom of the pyramid Answer: F Answer: H Answer: B Answer: C Answer: D Answer: H Answer: J Answer: H Answer: G Answer: C Basics of DNA Deoxyribose nucleic acid Recall from macromolecules: Nucleic acid composed of nucleotides which contain: Phosphate group Sugar (deoxyribose) Nitrogenous base (A T C G) DNA Structure Double-stranded twisted helix 4 nitrogenous bases Adenine-Thymine Guanine-Cytosine Bases held together by weak hydrogen bonds DNA is coiled into chromosomes in the nucleus Tiny sections of DNA are called genes Sequences of bases determine sequence of amino acids in proteins Practice Question Answer: B Answer: H Answer: F Answer: D Answer: A Answer: J Answer: H Studying DNA: Technology Karyotype Shows the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell The chromosomes are stained to show the banding pattern on each and then placed into their homologous pairs Chromosome Painting AKA Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) Fluorescent markers are used to dye chromosomes or label specific genes The entire chromosome can be painted, or doctors can look for specific genes. Useful in comparing the genomes of different species to see how they are related to each other on the genetic level. PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction A method of multiplying a few copies of DNA into millions of copies Allows more DNA testing to be done such as gel electrophoresis Gel Electrophoresis DNA is cut into small pieces using restriction enzymes The DNA is placed into wells at the end of a gel and separated based on the size and charge of each fragment, creating a DNA fingerprint Used for paternity testing and to match DNA from crimes to suspects Practice Questions Answer: H Answer: F Answer: A Answer: F Carbon, Nitrogen, Water cycles Water Cycle: important terms Evaporation: liquid to gas Lake water-> water vapor Transpiration: liquid to gas Water from plants-> water vapor Condensation: gas to liquid Water in air->clouds Precipitation: gas->liquid Water in clouds->rain Surface runoff: liquid water moving across the surface of the earth Groundwater: liquid water in the soil Water Cycle Carbon Cycle: important terms Respiration: living things turn glucose into carbon dioxide Photosynthesis: some living things turn solar energy into glucose (contains C) Decomposition: dead animals decay and release carbon back into the atmosphere and soil Carbon Cycle Nitrogen cycle: important terms Organic nitrogen: nitrogen that can be used by living things Inorganic nitrogen: nitrogen in the atmosphere (air) Nitrogen Fixation: bacteria and plants fixing inorganic nitrogen into organic nitrogen Denitrification: bacteria converting organic nitrogen into inorganic nitrogen Nitrogen cycle Practice Question Answer: Answer: J An Answer: A Answer: J Carbon, Nitrogen, Water cycles Water Cycle: important terms Evaporation: liquid to gas Lake water-> water vapor Transpiration: liquid to gas Water from plants-> water vapor Condensation: gas to liquid Water in air->clouds Precipitation: gas->liquid Water in clouds->rain Surface runoff: liquid water moving across the surface of the earth Groundwater: liquid water in the soil Water Cycle Carbon Cycle: important terms Respiration: living things turn glucose into carbon dioxide Photosynthesis: some living things turn solar energy into glucose (contains C) Decomposition: dead animals decay and release carbon back into the atmosphere and soil Carbon Cycle Nitrogen cycle: important terms Organic nitrogen: nitrogen that can be used by living things Inorganic nitrogen: nitrogen in the atmosphere (air) Nitrogen Fixation: bacteria and plants fixing inorganic nitrogen into organic nitrogen Denitrification: bacteria converting organic nitrogen into inorganic nitrogen Nitrogen cycle Practice Question Answer: Answer: J An Answer: A Answer: J Classification & Taxonomy Binomial Nomenclature Classification How we group living organisms Really broad Really specific Taxonomy How we name living organisms We usually identify an organism by naming its genus then its species name (binomial nomenclature) Household cat -> Felis catus Polar bear -> Ursus maritimus Black bear -> Ursus americanus Grizzly bear -> Ursus arctos **Notice that the bears are in the same genus, meaning they are more closely related to one another than to the cat Why is it important to have a universal naming system? There can be many common names for one organism What do you call this cat? It goes by multiple names... Depending on what region you are in, people call it different things Cougar Mountain lion Puma Panther Florida Panther Painter Mexican Lion Catamount Red Tiger Scientific name: Puma concolorScientists alway use the scientific name so that everyone knows exactly which big cat is being discussed The taxonomic system is universal The scientific names look like they are in a different language, because they are. Latin Many world languages are latin-based so it is relatable Practice Answer: J Answer: A Answer: D Answer: J Answer: C Answer: D Answer: B Answer: G Answer: A Answer: B Answer: J Answer: D Answer: J Answer: F Answer: D Answer: H Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration Converts food molecules into energy Aerobic respiration Uses oxygen to produce ATP 3 Steps Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain (ETC) anaerobic respiration Produces ATP without oxygen 2 step Glycolysis Fermentation Glycolysis -Occurs in the cytoplasm where glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvates Krebs Cycle Occurs across the mitochondrion membrane Pyruvate is broken down and carbon dioxide is produced Electron Transport Chain (ETC) -Occurs across the inner folds of the mitochondrion (cristae) -ATP molecules are produced from ADP -Water is produced as waste Practice Questions Answer: H Answer: J Answer: H Answer: A Answer: F Answer: J Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration Converts food molecules into energy Aerobic respiration Uses oxygen to produce ATP 3 Steps Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain (ETC) anaerobic respiration Produces ATP without oxygen 2 step Glycolysis Fermentation Glycolysis -Occurs in the cytoplasm where glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvates Krebs Cycle Occurs across the mitochondrion membrane Pyruvate is broken down and carbon dioxide is produced Electron Transport Chain (ETC) -Occurs across the inner folds of the mitochondrion (cristae) -ATP molecules are produced from ADP -Water is produced as waste Practice Questions Answer: H Answer: J Answer: H Answer: A Answer: F Answer: J Cell Transport Part 2: Active Transport Active Transport The cell uses energy, ATP, to perform active transport Membrane pumps are used to move molecules Usually occurs in the opposite direction of diffusion From low concentration to high concentration Uses energy to move molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration Endocytosis Materials are brought into the cell by engulfing them into the plasma membrane to form a vacuole Phagocytosis—for solids Pinocytosis—for liquids Exocytosis Materials are expelled from the cell through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane. Practice Questions Answer: D Answer: D Cell Transport Part 1: Passive Transport Passive Transport The cell does not do any work for it to occur No energy required Diffusion Movement of molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentrations are equal Facilitated Diffusion Diffusion where a carrier molecule that is embedded in the membrane transports the substance across the membrane Osmosis Diffusion of water across the plasma membrane from an area of low water concentration to an area of high water concentration Difference between diffusion and osmosis Diffusion is the movement of solute molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration until equilibrium is reached Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from high to low concentration until equilibrium is reached Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis How does it work? Where do the molecules cross? What types of things does it move across the membrane? High to low concentration gradient “powers” the transport Carrier proteins facilitate the movement High to low concentration gradient “powers” the transport Anywhere across the membrane Anywhere across the membrane A transport protein embedded in the membrane Small molecules Larger molecules Water molecules Fill in the table Practice questions Answer: J Answer: C Cell Theory The cell is the basic unit of life All organisms are composed of cells All cells come from preexisting cells Levels of organization Cells >> tissues >> organs >> organ systems >> organism Each cell performs a specific function for each tissue or organ Cell Theory and Cell Specialization Cell Specialization All cells start as stem cells when organism is developing As they mature, their shape and content change--specialized cells may have organelles that are not common to all cells Design and shape of a cell are determined by its function and the conditions it is in Multicellular organisms have more specialized cells Red blood cells, nerve cells, skin cells, muscle cells, etc Practice Questions Answer: H Answer: D Answer: B Answer: C Answer: J Answer: B Answer: B Cell Cycle & Mitosis Cell Cycle Interphase is the longest phase and contains the phases: G1, S, G2 Mitosis is a short phase when the cell divides Mitosis Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokenesis Interphase The resting phase before mitosis occurs The DNA is copied in preparation for mitosis Prophase Occurs after interphase and before metaphase Chromosomes condense and become visible as paired chromatids Nuclear envelope dissappears Metaphase Between prophase and anaphase Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and become attached to the spindle fibers Anaphase Between metaphase and telophase Chromosomes start to move away from each other to opposite poles of the spindle Telophase Between anaphase and cytokinesis Chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed Cytokinesis The cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis, creating two daughter cells Practice Questions Answer: B Answer: B Answer: G Answer: J Answer: G Answer: J Answer: G Answer: D Answer: H Answer: A Base Pairing Practice DNA Base Pairs A - T C - G RNA Base Pairs A - U C - T Practice questions Answer: H Answer: D Answer: H Answer: C Answer: D Comparing Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration Aerobic respiration Requires oxygen More complicated - more steps Produces more ATP - 36 Anaerobic Respiration No oxygen available Fewer steps, but less efficient Creates fewer ATP - 2 Fermentation Lactic acid - muscle cells Alcohol - plants Practice Question Answer: H Practice Questions Organism Behavior Answer: C Answer: D Answer: D Answer: B Answer: F Answer: G Answer: D Answer: F Answer: F Answer: J Answer: B Answer: J Answer: F Answer: H Answer: B Answer: C Answer: D Answer: H Answer: J Answer: H Answer: G Answer: C Answer: D Answer: G Answer: J Answer: J Answer: J Answer: B Answer: F Answer: A Answer: H Answer: J Answer: A Answer: J Answer: G Answer: D Answer: C Answer: A