Internet of Things Overview PDF

IERG4230/IEMS5727A Internet of Things Overview IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.1  Networking Nowadays Extensions More nodes, more connections Any TIME, Any PLACE + Any THING M2M, IoT...

IERG4230/IEMS5727A Internet of Things Overview IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.1  Networking Nowadays Extensions More nodes, more connections Any TIME, Any PLACE + Any THING M2M, IoT Billions of interconnected devices, Everybody connected. Expansions Broadband Enhancements Smart networks Data-centric and content-oriented networking Context-aware (autonomous) systems IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.2  Future Networks IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.3  People Connecting to Things ECG sensor Internet Motion sensor Motion sensor Motion sensor IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.4  Things Connecting to Things - Complex and heterogeneous resources and networks IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.5  More “Things” are being connected Home/daily-life devices Business and Public infrastructure Health-care … IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.6  “Thing” connected to the internet Source: CISCO IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.7  Connected Devices IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.8  The Internet of Things Internet connects all people, so it is called “the Internet of People” IoT connects all things, so it is called “the Internet of Things” IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.9  The Internet of Things Internet of Things Characteristics  Pervasive … network of objects...  Ubiquitous  Emerging … a system... that would be able to  Global instantaneously identify any kind of object. …...one major next step in this development of the Internet, which is to progressively evolve from a network of interconnected computers to a network of interconnected objects … uniquely identifiable objects (things) and their virtual representations in an Internet-like structure P.10 IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.10  The Internet of Things ‘The Internet of Things’ is a concept originally coined and introduced by MIT, Auto-ID Center and intimately linked to RFID and electronic product code (EPC) “… all about physical items talking to each other..” Like RFID it is a concept that has attracted much rhetoric, misconception and confusion as to what it means and its implications in a social context The concept of the Internet of Things is now being influenced strongly by developments in computing and network ubiquity and developments in the next generation Internet “… a new phase of the Information Society – the Internet of Things in which the web will not only link computers but potentially every object created by mankind.” IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.11  The Internet of Things Extending the current Internet and providing connection, communication, and inter-networking between devices and physical objects, or "Things," is a growing trend that is often referred to as the Internet of Things. “The technologies and solutions that enable integration of real world data and services into the current information networking technologies are often described under the umbrella term of the Internet of Things (IoT)” IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.12  Internet of Things What is a thing? Things that are computers equipped with communication interfaces Things that are not computers, but who are associated with computers equipped with communication interfaces What is the identifier of a thing? There are several proposals: A serial number, such as an EPC code. An IP address Other, for example a fix hash value, or adhoc naming scheme. Authentication Is there a need/way to authenticate a thing? In other words is it possible and needed to prove the identity of a thing. IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.13  The Internet of Things  Identity Protection Things can be used to track people or objects, which are identified by a set of things. Identity protection enforces privacy by hiding things identities thanks to cryptographic means.  Communication Protocol A thing communicates with the Internet network by various interfaces Via MAC (OSI2) radio protocols, as defined by EPCGLOBAL Thanks the IP protocol, in that case the thing is an IP node, and is natively plugged in the Internet Cloud. Other, for example the Host Identity Protocol  Things to Things communications In some cases, things communicate with other things. If identity protection is required, the associated infrastructure is complex from a cryptographic or physical point of view, because classical routing techniques can't be used. IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.14  The Internet of Things IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.15  The Internet of Things IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.16  IoT Market CAGR: Compound Annual Growth Rate IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.17  IoT Market IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.18  World Market: Connected Devices IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.19  IoT Market IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.20  The Internet of Things IoT is a communication network connecting things which have naming, sensing and processing abilities. IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.21  The Internet of Things IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.22  Things We can turn almost every object into a “thing”. A “thing” still looks much like an embedded system currently. A “thing” generally consists of four main parts: Sensors & actuators Microcontroller Communication unit Power supply A “thing” has the following properties: It’s usually powered by battery. This implies limited source of energy. It’s generally small in size and low in cost. This limits their computing capability. It doesn’t usually perform complicated tasks. Power consumption is the main design issue. IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.2  Hardware Components IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.24  Smart Devices IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.25  Smart Devices − Smart device is also a “Thing” by itself − with sensors/actuators/tag − with some processing power − with communication capability − Additionally, smart devices also offer: IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.26  Smart Devices in IoT Data collecting point − Smart devices can act as a sensor − Example: sensing surrounding data around the user Human interaction point − Smart devices can act as user interface in IoT − Example: providing messages, allowing user to control the environment Data processing point − Smart devices are equipped with powerful processors, they can be used to perform complex tasks − Example: processing local raw data to promptly generate meaning information to users Information storage point − Smart devices are equipped with non-volatile memory, they can be used to store information locally − Example: keeping environment status, remembering personal preference IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.27  Smart Devices Purely passive devices (RFID) that yield fixed data output when queried Devices with moderate processing power to format carrier messages, with the capability to vary content with respect to time and place Sensing devices that are capable of generating and communicating information about environment or item status when queried Devices with enhanced processing capability that facilitate decisions to communicate between devices without human intervention – introducing a degree of intelligence into networked systems IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.28  Smart Devices Enabling Technologies RFID Sensor Smart Tech Nano Tech To identify To collect To enhance To make the and track and process the power of smaller and the data of the data to the network smaller things detect the by devolving things have changes in processing the ability to the physical capabilities to connect and status of different part interact. things of the network. IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.29 IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.30  Sensors & Actuators Sensors: They are mainly input components They sense and collect surrounding information Basically three types: Passive, omnidirectional (e.g. mic) Passive, narrow-beam sensor (e.g. PIR) Active sensors (e.g. sonar, radar, etc.) Actuators: They are mainly output components They alter the surrounding. Some examples: Adding lighting, heat, sound, etc. Controlling motors to move objects Displaying messages and others… IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.31  Sensors and Actuators IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.32  Sensor devices - Programmable devices - Off-the-shelf gadgets/tools 33 IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.33  Sensors Technologies − Capacitive − A change in capacitance with a change in environment −Can detect liquids and objects based on their dielectric constant −Can take human body capacitance as input − For detection of displacement, humidity, acceleration, human contact, etc. − Resistive − A change in resistance with a change in environment −Physical changes include light, force, heat, magnetic field, etc. − For detection of light, force, heat, etc. − Applications include camera, street lights, musical instruments, weight sensing, touch screen, etc. IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.34  Sensors Technologies − Magnetic − There are several approaches for magnetic sensing, eg. Hall effect sensor, magneto-diode, magneto-transistor, etc. − Generally, they detect magnetic fields or their alteration by ferromagnetic objects. − For measuring of rotary movement, Earth's magnetic field, etc. − Inductive − A change in the amplitude of an emitted high frequency electromagnetic field the oscillations. − For detection of metallic object and different metals − Common in vehicle detection IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.35  Sensors Technologies − Thermoelectric − A creation of voltage when there is a different temperature on each side of an object − For measurement of temperature − Pyroelectric − A temporary voltage generated from a certain material when it is heated or cooled − For human/animal motion detection, flame detection, NDIR (Non Dispersive IR) gas analysis, etc. − Common in PIR (Passive InfraRed) sensors − Sound level − A generation of electrical voltage signals with vibration of air − Two popular approaches: inductive (dynamic microphone) and capacitive (condenser microphone) − Common sensing application: Sound meter IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.36  Sensors Technologies − Electromechanical sensors −Involving of mechanical devices. −Some examples: − Fluid flow measurement (e.g. mechanical flow meters), Microelectromechanical systems (e.g. MEMS gyroscopes), etc. − Electrochemical sensors −Involving interaction between electricity and chemistry. −Some examples: − CO detector, pH meter, etc. IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.37  Actuators − They are mainly output components − Generally 4 types: − Hydraulic: use hydraulic power, powerful but slow − Pneumatic: use compressed air, rapid delivery − Electric: use electricity, versatile for IoT − Mechanical: use other mechanical energy − They alter the surrounding. Some examples: − Adding lighting, heat, sound, moisture, etc. − Moving objects − Displaying messages − and others… IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.38  Communications A “thing” always feature communications for “team working” The Role of Communications Providing a data link between two nodes Communication type: Wireline (e.g. copper wires, optical fibers) Wireless (e.g. RF, IR). RF-based communication is the most popular choice Popular RF-based communication solutions: IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.11 (or Wifi) Bluetooth Near Field Communication (NFC), e.g. RFID IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.39  Machine-to-Machine Communications  Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications represent technological solutions and deployments allowing Machines, Devices or Objects to communicate with each other, with no human interactions.  M2M system – Key features - Support of a huge number of devices - Seamless operability across multiple domains - Autonomous operation - Self organisation - Power efficiency Source: ETSI IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.40  M2M Architecture (ETSI) European Telecommunications Standards Institute M2M Application M2M Area Network M2M Service Core Capabilities M2M Gateway Client Application Application domain Network domain M2M device domain IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.41  Machine-to-Machine Communication IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.42 IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.43 IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.44  M2M vs IoT IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.45  IoT Applications: Requirements A huge number of devices i.e. many active users (~10 times more than H2H users/devices) Low data rate (small data transmission) – not always true! Sometimes delay tolerance (also depends on application) – not always true! Autonomous devices – ideally! Long Battery life (i.e. minimum energy at a given payload) - energy efficient solutions! Low cost devices and operations – usually but not always! Mobility –depends on the resources and use-case scenarios! Security, Privacy and Trust Challenge: Different applications have different requirements IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.46  Networks The Roles of Networks Managing nodes (discovery, join, leave, etc). Relaying data packets from the source to the destination node in the network. Networks are a distributed system. All nodes need to perform networking related tasks. RF-based Network in IoT is usually a Wireless Multi-hop Network. Some examples: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) Mobile Wireless Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) and others... Main concern: Reliability & Performance IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.47  IoT Network Layers IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.48  Networks IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.49  Wireless Sensors Networks Services? End-user Operating Systems? Core network Gateway e.g. Internet Protocols? Protocols? Sink Gateway Computer services node - The networks typically run Low Power Devices - Consist of one or more sensors, could be different type of sensors (or actuators) IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.50  The Internet The Internet serves as a wide area networking for a local network. The Internet uses TCP/IP. This implies that things must also support TCP/IP. Gateway (or sink) For a practical deployment, a gateway is often needed in a network. It offers relaying packets between the network and the Internet. The Internet Data link Gateway Network IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.51  Aspects: Protocol Stack Thing Thing Application Application TCP/UDP TCP/UDP Network (IP) Network (IP) Server IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless PHY/MAC PHY/MAC Medium Application TCP/UDP Gateway Network (IP) Network (IP) IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.15.4 (Ethernet) The (Ethernet) PHY/MAC Internet IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.52  Cloud Computing & IoT IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.53  Aspects: Security & Privacy Are they important? What is the risk? What are the challenges? Device level Network level System level User level Solutions? 54 IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things  Aspects: Software Platforms and Services Operating Systems and execution environments Contiki, TinyOS, TinyDB Relevant protocols and standards 6LoWPan, CoAp Architecture reference models ETSI M2M architecture and components Gateway/Middleware Types of services In conventional communication networks the target is moving bits from one place to another In IoT moving the data is not the actual goal. IoT is expected to facilitate providing meaningful information/actions. IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.55  Intelligent Data Processing Sensing and data collection, sensor data and data- centric networks Access, subscription and integration Data processing and stream data analysis Query and discovery Data classification and clustering IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.56  IoT Data Access Publish/Subscribe (long-term/short-term) Ad-hoc query The typical types of data request for sensory data: Query based on ID (resource/service) – for known resources Location Type Time – requests for freshness data or historical data; One of the above + a range [+ Unit of Measurement] Type/Location/Time + A combination of Quality of Information attributes An entity of interest (a feature of an entity on interest) Complex Data Types (e.g. pollution data could be a combination of different types) IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.57  IoT Data Challenges − Interoperability: various data in different formats, from different sources (and different qualities) − Discovery: finding appropriate device and data sources − Access: Availability and (open) access to resources and data − Search: querying for data − Integration: dealing with heterogeneous device, networks and data − Interpretation: translating data to knowledge usable by people and applications − Scalability: dealing with large number of devices and myriad of data and computational complexity of interpreting the data. IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.58  IoT Data Processing Data collections and processing WSN within the Network-enabled networks Devices WSN Network services/storage and processing units Data/service access at application level WSN WSN WSN Data Discovery Network-enabled Devices Service/ Resource Discovery IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.59  Data Interpretation A primary goal of interconnecting devices and collecting/processing data from them is to create situation awareness and enable applications, machines, and human users to better understand their surrounding environments. The understanding of a situation, or context, potentially enables services and applications to make intelligent decisions and to respond to the dynamics of their environments. IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.60  Semantic technologies and connecting Things to the Web Meta-data models and schemas Linked data and Linked IoT data concepts Semantic technologies and semantic sensor networks Interoperability issues Web of Things Social Networks IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.61  Web of Things − Integrating the real world data into the Web and providing Web-based interactions with the IoT resources is also often discussed under umbrella term of “Web of Things” (WoT). − WoT data is not only large in scale and volume, but also continuous, with rich spatiotemporal dependency. IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.62  Web of Things  Connecting sensor, actuator and other devices to the World Wide Web.  “Things’ data and capabilities are exposed as web data/services.  Enables an interoperable usage of IoT resources (e.g. sensors, devices, their data and capabilities) by enabling web based discovery, access, tasking, and alerting. IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.63  Web of Things - Quickly discover resources (secure or public) that can meet the needs of an application/service– location, observables, quality, ability to task - Obtain “Things’” information in a standard encoding that is understandable by users and machines - Subscribe to and receive alerts when a devcie measures a particular phenomenon - Use Web protocols and standards to communicate with the reosurces and to exchange data. IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.64  Web of Things IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.65  Web of Things: Principles Resources will be web accessible; Devices and their data should be discoverable; Data and resource descriptions will be self-describing to humans and machines (using common description models); Most observations and measurements can be accessible in real time over the web; Using URIs for naming and addressing Linking the IoT resources to other resources on the Web. IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.66  Web of Things Semantically annotate data WSN Network-enabled Devices 6LowPAN WSN CoAP Gateway CoAP http://mynet1/snodeA23/readTemp? CoAP Semantically annotate data HTTP WSN HTTP WSN WSN Gateway MQTT WSN MQTT IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.67  IoT and Big Data IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.68  IoT and Big Data IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.69  IoT & Big Data IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.70  IoT, Big Data & Analytics IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.71  IoT Applications Management Education Retail IoT Applications Food Logistics Pharmaceuticals IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.72  Intelligent Systems IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.73  IoT Applications Management: Data management Waste management Urban planning Production management ... IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.74  IoT Applications Logistics: Warehouse, management Inventory control Port management ETAs, ETDs Ships, boats, containers, etc. Executable code … IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.75  IoT Applications Retail: Intelligent shopping Bar code in retail Electronic tags … IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.76  IoT Applications Pharmaceuticals : Intelligent tags for drugs Drug usage tracking Pharma. Product websites --> Enable the emergency treatment to be given faster and more correct IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.77  IoT Applications Food: Control geographical origin Food production management Nutrition calculations  Prevent overproduction and shortage  Control food quality, health and safety. IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.78  IoT in Education INTERNET OF THINGS IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.79  IoT in Education School Administration Attendance Management Voting System Automatic Feedback Loops Instructional technology Media Information management Foreign language learning IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.80  IoT in Shopping (2) When shopping in the market, the goods will introduce themselves. (1) When entering the doors, scanners will identify the tags on her clothing. (4) When paying for the goods, the microchip of the credit card will communicate with checkout reader. (3) When moving the goods, the reader will tell the staff to put a new one. IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.81  The Internet of Things IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.82  IoT in E-health IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.83  Smart Buildings IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.84 IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.85  Smart Grid IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.86  Smart Grid IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.87  Smart Home IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.88  Smart Home IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.89  INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Smart Factory IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.90 IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.91 IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.92  The Internet of Things Key Issues of IoT Architecture (edge devices, servers, discovery services, security, privacy etc.) Governance, naming, identity, interfaces Intelligence, Service openness, interoperability Connections of real and virtual world Size, Space, Time, Spectrum Standards IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.93  Challenges of IoT 1. Technological Standardization in most areas are still remain fragmented. 2. Managing and fostering rapid innovation is a challenge for governments 3. Privacy and security 4. Absence of governance IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.94  Open Interconnect Consortium http://openinterconnect.org/  collaboration of the open source community and industry standards to drive interoperability of these devices  define a common communication framework based on industry standard technologies to wirelessly connect and intelligently manage the flow of information among devices, regardless of form factor, operating system or service provider IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.95  The Internet of Things IERG4230/IEMS5727A: Overview of Internet of Things P.96