ict lec 1.pptx

Introduction to Information and Communication Technologies Lecture # 1 Zaheer A. Gondal Department of Computer Science CUI Lahore Campus [email protected] The slides are adapt...

Introduction to Information and Communication Technologies Lecture # 1 Zaheer A. Gondal Department of Computer Science CUI Lahore Campus [email protected] The slides are adapted from the publisher’s material Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow (Ch1, Ch4) Course Information Textbooks  Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, Deborah Morley, Charles S. Parker, Cengage Learning, 2017.  Python Basics: A Practical Introduction to Python 3, David Amos, Dan Bader, Joanna Jablonski, and Fletcher Heisler, Real Python, 2021 Reference Book  Foundations of Computer Science, Forouzan, B., McGraw-Hill, 2017.  Starting Out with Python, Gaddis, T., Addison-Wesley, 2016.  Problem Solving & Programming, Sprankle, M., Hubbard, J., Prentice Hall, 2012. Course Evaluation Theory (100) Lab (100)  4 Assignments (10%)  4 Assignments (25%)  4 Quizzes (15%)  Mid term exam (25%)  Mid term exam (25%)  Final exam (50%)  Final exam (50%) = (Theory obt. /100) * 67 + (Lab obt. /100) * 33 Note: 50% marks mandatory in both Theory and Lab for passing the course Class Expectations  Come to lectures on time and participate  Keep up with reading material  Complete assignments, projects, etc on time  Submit clean, organized, and to the point reports  Key to Success Attendance  Pay attention to lectures and keep extra notes  Ask questions Effort  Do homework on your own. It’s ok to ask others but make your own effort. Consistency  Keep up with reading, and homework. Plagiarism Policy  According to this policy, a student's submitted work must be the student's own. In this course, this policy will be applied to all work submitted for grade including exams, quizzes, homework, and projects. Computers in Your Life Why learn about computers? Pervasive computing (A World of Computers) Also known as ubiquitous computing Computers have become an integral part of our lives Basic computer literacy Knowing about and understanding computers and their uses is an essential skill today for everyone 7 Computers in Your Life Before 1980  Computers were large, expensive  Very few people had access to them  Computers were mostly used for high-volume processing tasks Microcomputers in the early 80s  Inexpensive personal computers  Computer use increased dramatically Today  More than 80% of US households include a computer, and most use computers at work  Electronic devices are converging into single units with multiple capabilities 8 Computers in the Home Computers used for a variety of tasks:  Looking up information and news  Exchanging e-mail  Shopping and paying bills  Watching TV and videos  Downloading music and movies  Organizing digital photographs  Playing games  Telecommuting 9 Computers in the Home Convergence  The computer has become the central part of home entertainment  Dual-mode mobile phones Wireless networking  Computers can be used in nearly any location Smart appliances  Traditional appliances with built-in computer or communication technology Smart homes  Household tasks are monitored and controlled by a main computer in the house 10 Computers in the Home Computers in Education Many students today have access to computers either in a classroom or a computer lab Colleges and universities are even more integrated  Wireless hotspots allow usage of personal laptops to connect to the college network  Some colleges require a computer for enrollment Distance learning  Students participate from locations other than the traditional classroom setting using computers and Internet access 12 Computers in Education 13 Computers on the Job Computers have become a universal on- the-job tool for decision-making, productivity, and communication  Used by all types of employees  Used for access control and other security measures  Use by service professionals is growing  Used extensively by the military  Employees in all lines of work need to continually refresh their computer skills 14 Computers on the Job 15 Computers on the Go Computers are encountered in nearly every aspect of daily life  Consumer kiosks  ATM transactions  POS systems at retail stores  Self-checkout systems  Portable computers or mobile devices  M-commerce systems  GPS systems 16 Computers on the Go 17 What Is a Computer and What Does It Do? Computer: A programmable, electronic device that accepts data, performs operations on that data, and stores the data or results as needed  Computers follow instructions, called programs, which determine the tasks the computer will perform Basic operations Input: Entering data into the computer Processing: Performing operations on the data Output: Presenting the results Storage: Saving data, programs, or output for future use Communications: Sending or receiving data 18 What Is a Computer and What Does It Do? 19 Why use a computer? What value do Computers bring? What are they good at?  fast   bored storage  Advantages and Disadvantages of Using What are the Computers advantages of using computers? Speed Reliability Consistency Storage Communications Computers to Fit Every Need Six basic categories of computers:  Embedded computers  Mobile devices  Personal computers  Midrange servers  Mainframe computers  Supercomputers 25 Embedded Computers Embedded computer: Embedded into a product and designed to perform specific tasks or functions for that product Cannot be used as general-purpose computers Often embedded into:  Household appliances  Thermostats  Sewing machines 26 Mobile Devices Mobile device: A very small device with some type of built-in computing or Internet capability Typically based on mobile phones Typically have small screens and keyboards Examples:  Smartphones  Handheld gaming devices  Portable digital media players 27 Personal Computers (PCs) Personal computer: A small computer designed to be used by one person at a time  Also called a microcomputer  Range in size from desktop computers to UMPC’s Desktop computers: Fit on or next to a desk  Can use tower case, desktop case, or all-in-one  Can be PC- compatible or Macintosh  Not designed to be portable 28 Portable Computers Notebook (laptop) computers: Typically use clamshell design Tablet computers: Can be slate tablets or convertible tablets Netbooks: Small notebooks; rapidly growing type of PC Ultra-mobile PCs (UMPCs): Handheld computers 29 Midrange Servers Midrange server: A medium-sized computer used to host programs and data for a small network Users connect via a network with a computer May consist of a collection of individual circuit boards called blades Virtualization: Creating virtual environments (often used to share a server for increased efficiency) 30 Mainframe Computers Mainframe computer: Powerful computer used by several large organizations to manage large amounts of centralized data  Standard choice for large organizations, hospitals, universities, large businesses, banks, government offices  Located in climate-controlled data centers and connected to the rest of the company computers via a network  Larger, more expensive, and more powerful than midrange servers  Usually operate 24 hours a day  Also called high-end servers or enterprise-class servers 31 Mainframe Computers 32 Supercomputer s Supercomputer: Fastest, most expensive, most powerful type of computer  Generally run one program at a time, as fast as possible  Commonly built by connecting hundreds of smaller computers, supercomputing cluster  Used for space exploration, missile guidance, satellites, weather forecast, oil exploration, scientific research, complex Web sites, decision support systems, 3D applications, etc. 33 Supercomputer s 34 Quick Quiz 1. A tablet PC is an example of a(n) _____________. a. Desktop computer b. Portable PC c. Internet appliance 2. True or False: The terms mainframe computer and supercomputer are interchangeable; both refer to the largest, most powerful computers. 3. A smartphone is an example of a(n) _____________. Answers: 1) b; 2) False; 3) mobile device 35 Data vs Information Data  Data is raw, unorganized facts that need to be processed. Can be in the form of text, graphics, audio, or video Information  When data is processed, organized, structured or presented in a given context so as to make it useful, it is called information. Information Technology? Technology  Technology is humans using objects (tools, machines, systems, and materials) to change the natural and human-made environment.  Technology is developed by people to modify their environment. Information Technology  Information technology is “ anything related to computing technology, such as networking, hardware, software, the Internet, or the people that work with these technologies”. Computers and Society The vast improvements in technology over the past decade have had a distinct impact on daily life, both at home and at work Many benefits of a computer-oriented society:  Ability to design products before construction leads to safer products  Earlier medical diagnoses  Devices that allow challenged people to perform job tasks  Documents e-mailed or faxed in moments  Download information, music, programs, movies, and more on demand 38 Computers and Society Computer-oriented society also has risks  Computer viruses and malware  Identity theft and phishing  Privacy issues Differences in online communications  Less formal than traditional  Netiquette  Emoticons Information Integrity  Check your source, not all information on the Internet is accurate. Von Neumann Model  Von-Neumann proposed his computer architecture design in 1945 which was later known as Von-Neumann Architecture. It consisted of a Control Unit, Arithmetic, and Logical Memory Unit (ALU), Registers and Inputs/Outputs.  Von Neumann architecture is based on the stored-program computer concept, where instruction data and program data are stored in the same memory. This design is still used in most computers produced today. Von Neumann Model M E M OR Y M AR M DR IN P UT OUTP UT K eyb o a rd M o n ito r M ouse P R OCE S S IN G UN IT P rin ter S canner LE D D is k ALU TE M P D is k CON TR OL UN IT PC IR Input Devices In computing, an input device is a piece of equipment used to provide data and control signals to processing system Examples Keyboards, mouse, scanners, cameras, joysticks, and microphones Input Devices (Keyboards) Keyboard: An input device used to enter characters at the location marked by the insertion point or cursor Can be wired or wireless Most computers today are designed to be used with a keyboard Typically contains:  Standard alphanumeric keys  Numeric keypad  Function keys  Delete and Backspace keys  Control and Alternate keys  Arrow directional keys and special keys 43 Input Devices (Keyboards) 44 44 Input Devices (Keyboards) Portable computers and mobile devices often use:  Built in or slide-out keyboard  Pen or touch input (on-screen keyboard) 45 Input Devices (Pointing Devices) Pointing devices: Used to select and manipulate objects  Used to input data  Used to issue commands to the computer Common types of pointing devices:  Mouse  Pen/stylus  Touch screen 46 Mice Mouse: A common pointing device that the user slides along a flat surface to move a pointer around the screen and clicks its buttons to make selections  Older mechanical mice use a ball  Optical or laser mice track with light  3D mice  Can be wireless 47 Pens/Styluses Stylus: Pen-like device used to draw or write electronically on the screen Also called digital pen, electronic pen, tablet pen Commonly used with pen-based computers Used to issue commands and input data If handwriting recognition is used, written text can be converted to editable typed text 48 Handwriting Recognition Digital form: Used to input handwritten data into the computer and then convert it to editable text 49 Pens/Styluses Other uses for pens/styluses: Digital writing systems Graphics tablets Signature capture devices 50 Touch Screens Touch screen: Display device that is touched with the finger to select commands or otherwise provide input to the computer Used with:  Desktop and portable computers  Mobile phones and mobile devices  Consumer kiosks Can be multi-touch 51 Other Pointing Devices Other pointing devices:  Joysticks, gamepads, and other gaming devices  Trackballs  Buttons and wheels  Touch pads 52 Quick Quiz 1. An optical mouse is ____________. a. the same as a wireless mouse b. a mouse that tracks movements with light instead of a ball c. a mouse that contains a scroll wheel on the top 2. True or False: With handwriting recognition, text is input as a graphical image so the text cannot later be edited as text. 3. An input device that looks like an upside-down mouse with the ball on top is a(n) ____________. Answers: 1) b; 2) False; 3) trackball 53 Scanners, Readers, and Digital Cameras Source documents: Documents containing data that already exists in physical form (order form, photograph, invoice, check, or price label) Source data automation: Capturing data directly from a source document  Saves time  Increases accuracy  Scanning or reading devices 54 Scanners Scanner (optical scanner): Input device that captures an image of an object and transfers them to a computer in digital form  Can scan photos, documents, drawings, (flat objects)  Data is typically input as a single image  If optical character recognition (OCR) is used, text is input as individual text characters Types of scanners  Flatbed  Portable  Integrated (ATMs, etc.) 55 Scanners 56 Barcode Readers Barcode readers: Input devices that read barcodes Barcode: Machine-readable code that represents data as a set of bars Common types  Universal Product Code (UPC)  ISBN  Code 39  Intelligent mail code  2D (QR) – hold more data 57 Biometric Readers Biometric data: Based on unique physiological characteristics or personal trait  Fingerprint  Hand or face geometry  Iris of the eye  Voice or signature Biometric readers: Used to input biometric data  Can be stand-alone or built into another piece of hardware  Used to allow access only by authorized individuals  Most often used for access control and to verify transactions 58 Biometric Readers 59 Audio Input Audio input: The process of entering audio data into the computer Voice input: Inputting spoken words and converting them to digital form  Via microphone or headset  Recorded for narrations, podcasts, etc.  VoIP (Voice over IP systems) applications  To provide spoken instructions to computer (speech recognition systems) Music input systems are used to input music Microphones, keyboard controllers, etc. 60 Output Devices An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment which converts information into a human-perceptible form or, historically, into a physical machine-readable form for use with other non-computerized equipment. It can be text, graphics, tactile, audio, or video. 61 Display Devices Display device: Presents output visually Monitor: Display device for a desktop computer Display screen: Screen built into a variety of devices  Notebook and other portable computers  Mobile phones and mobile devices  Handheld gaming devices, home entertainment devices, kitchen appliances  Digital photo frames, e-book readers  Digital signage systems, digital billboards 62 Display Devices 63 Data and Multimedia Projectors Data projector: Display device that projects all computer output to a wall or projection screen Found in classrooms, conference rooms Can be wireless or integrated into devices 64 Printers Printers: Produce hard copy Printer characteristics Printing technology used Impact vs. nonimpact Color vs. black and white Personal vs. network printers  Dot-matrix printer  Laser printer  Ink-jet printer Plotter: A plotter is a device that receives commands from the computer and then draws its picture on the page 65 Audio Output Audio output: Output in the form of voice, music, and other audible sounds  Speakers  Headphones and headsets  Earphones and earbuds 66 Next Lecture How Computer Process Data; Central Processing Unit: Control Unit, Arithmetic & Logic Unit, System Clock & Machine Cycle; Memory: Volatile & Non-Volatile, Flash Memory, Registers, Cache Memory; Bus & Types, and Ports. 67