ICT 3rd Quarter Connecting Devices PDF

ICT 3rd Quarter CONNECTING DEVICES physically wired media DATA TRANSMISSION Factors to Consider in Selecting Right Type of Media (RTDRFI) 1. Required 2. Throughput Cabling 3. Distance/Noise 4. Resistance/Security 5. Flexibility 6. Initial Costs & Plans for Expansion TRANSMISSION MEDIA anything...

ICT 3rd Quarter CONNECTING DEVICES physically wired media DATA TRANSMISSION Factors to Consider in Selecting Right Type of Media (RTDRFI) 1. Required 2. Throughput Cabling 3. Distance/Noise 4. Resistance/Security 5. Flexibility 6. Initial Costs & Plans for Expansion TRANSMISSION MEDIA anything that can conduct energy Data Communication converting information into a form of energy that can be passed along and sent to a destination where this energy is converted back into its original form of data TYPES OF CABLES Twisted-Pair Cable 8 individual copper wires bundled together and covered with insulating material ◦ Twisted-Pair — 2 insulated copper wires twisted around each other in order to decrease crosstalk (EMI) between pairs of wires by cancelling them out ◦ Copper Wire — always color-coded with plastic insulation; twisted in a total of four pairs Types of Twisted-Pair Cable 1. Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) expensive; used in “noisy” environments (machines/electronics) shield of metallic foil is wrapped around each of the wire pairs with additional overall shielding to protect against excessive electromagnetic interference (EMI) ◦ Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) ◦ Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) types of STP: Screened Twisted Pair (SCTP) & Foil Twisted Pair (FTP) ◦ hybrid types of STP ◦ only uses overall shield; provides more than UTP but less than STP 2. Unshielded Twisted-Pair higher capacity cables cost more connecting a UTP cable involves the use of registered Jack 45 or RJ-45 connector ◦ RJ-45 — 8 wire connector commonly used to connect devices onto a LAN differs in rate of data transmission; manufacturers do this by varying number of twists per linear inch of the cable depending on requirements types of UTP: ◦ Category 1 — obsolete; ordinary telephone line ◦ Category 2 — obsolete; 4MBps ◦ Category 3 — lowest available today; telephone communication; 10MBps; for 10Base-T ◦ Category 4 — 16MBps; for Token Ring ◦ Category 5 — 100MBps  ◦ Category 5e — 1000MBps (1Gbps) ◦ Category 6 — fastest UTP standard; made of 4 pairs of 24 American wire gauges (AWG) copper wires Coaxial Cable first cable used in Ethernet networks (around since late 1800s) plastic insulator that separates the solid copper inner conductor and woven copped braided outer conductor braided copper sheath acts as both second wire in circuit and a shield for inner conductor ◦ solid copper wire — positive ◦ braided copper wire — negative better resistance to EMI/RFI than UTP due to superior insulation ◦ 500 meters (100 meters with UTP) ◦ costlier and more efforts in installation ◦ 2.5MBps up to 10MBps of capacity Fiber-Optic Cable data is converted to pulses of of light using a transmitter that accepts coded electronic pulse data coming from a standard device using a copper wire information is processed and translated into equivalently coded light pulses with the aid of light- emitting diode (LED) or injection-laser diode (ILD) ◦ Injection-Laser Diode (ILD) — generates light pulses, which are then transmitted through cables made of glass or other light-transmitting material light pulses are received at other end and converted back into electromagnetic energy, which is then sent to a regular network device for conversion into digital information many advantages over traditional copper cables; much faster and can transverse very long distances without risk of outer interference consists of the following: core, cladding, coating, strengthening fibers, cable jacket ◦ center core — solid glass fiber ◦ 2nd layer — fiber coating ◦ 3rd layer — thermoplastic over coating/buffer ◦ 4th layer — Aramid strength member for durability ◦ last ring — PVC jacket or fluoride copolymer jacket Types of Fiber-Optic Cable 1. Multimode Fiber (MMF) high-speed networks over short distances 2. Single-Mode Fiber (SMF) high-speed networks covering long distances and spreads over different buildings/cities speed of 10Gbps; allows only one mode of light to transmit Fiber Optic Technician professional who works in telecommunications industry ◦ main duty — install and repair fiber optic cables (a technology that uses threads and glass as a means of transmitting data) Fiber Optic Engineering process of designing, installing, and maintaining fiber optic cables that support cellular phone and Internet communication NETWORK CABLING STANDARDS in 1991, the Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) developed standards for data cabling used in telecom applications to avoid any confusion and to ensure that equipment manufacturers standardize on their equipment to guarantee interoperability T568A & T568B STANDARDS accepted wiring schemes for twisted-pair cables, terminating in RJ-45 jacks, which are the standard plug for 4-pair UTP cables WIRELESS transfers information over a distance without the use of phyiscal media distance and capacity Wireless Networking ◦ replacing standard copper wires with radio waves operating over air ◦ devices remain the same with differences only in equipment used for transmitting and receiving data TYPE OF WIRELESS Infrared employs radio frequencies (RF) or infrared (IR) waves to transmit data between devices old wireless technology used to connect two electronic devices uses beam of infrared light to transmit information; requires direct line of sight and only operates in a close range ◦ Radio Frequencies — most commonly used; wider range of applications ◦ Infrared — very short distances among computer peripherals and handheld mobile devices TYPE OF RADIO FREQUENCY Electromagnetic Waves (EM) form of energy that exhibits wave-like behavior as it travels through air in a vacuum, it propogates ata a characteristic speed—the speed of light INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERS (IEEE) professional association headquartered in United States dedicated to advancing technological excellence radio frequencies aren’t infinite, it needs to be managed properly to ensure that different devices from manufacturers work well together WIRELESS STANDARDS & SPEEDS STANDARD MAX SPEED TYPICAL RANGE 802.11a 54 Mbps 150 ft 802.11b 11 Mbps 300 ft 802.11g 54 Mbps 300 ft 802.11n 100 Mbps 300+ ft WHAT SLOWS DATA DOWN? Network Data composed of electrons moving along length of wire frequency and potential capacity rises = number of variables that affect overall network performance rises ◦ three main problems: weakened, lost, or corruped beyond acceptable limits ATTENUATION signal loss/degradation it’s difficult to transfer energy without some sort of loss (electrical energy in one form travelling down network cable) FACTORS OF ATTENUATION 1. Far from Source beyond certain limits, depending on cable design, signal weakens to the point of instability 2. Cable Length attenuation increases as frequency rises; networks designed for higher throughput needs a higher grade of cable EIA/TIA standard says 100 max cable length including patch leads 3. Higher Temperature increases attenuation to 0.4% per degree celsius for Cat5e cabling 4. Noise electrical interference comes from many sources; cables should always be installed in separate conduits away from main cables ◦ Delays — electrical signals travel very fast but not infinitely fast, typical twisted-pair cables run at 60% to 90% of velocity of light ◦ Delay Skew — difference in arrival times; must be within 50 nanoseconds ◦ Propagation Day — time taken for signal to travel down; not normally an issue since recommended cable lengths will have considered it Crosstalk ◦ has several types depending on point of origin; measured in decibles (dB) ◦ likely much greater than any other noise effect; when signal travels down conductor, electric field is created ◦ 10 Mbps systems suffer more from crosstalk than 1000Base-T systems HOW SIGNALS REACH DEVICES 1. Mobile Circuit Board 2. Convert Signals from Analog to Digital 3. Convert from Digital Signals to Electrical Impulses (Electrons) 4. Antenna (Electron Dance -> Electrical Impulse -> Decode) ◦ Electrical Impulse — 2.4Ghz (2 billion beats per second) ◦ Inverted F — antenna type in current devices RESOURCE SHARING allows different users to share some resources at the same time one needs to be connected to a network to access those shared resources ◦ resources: hardware, software, files, Internet ◦ benefits: saving efforts, saving money, saving time Computer Network ◦ set of computers connected together for sharing resources WORKGROUP a computer system that allows all participating and connected system to access shared resources View Workgroup (make sure Windows is set to Administrator) 1. Open “Computer Properties” dialog box. 2. Check PC’s workgroup from computer name, domain, and workgroup settings section. View Resources 1. Launch “Windows Explorer”. 2. Click “Network” on the left pane of the window. PRINTER most commonly used shared device Access Shared Printer 1. Open “Network Computer/Printer Server” with the printer you want to use. 2. Right-click shared printer. 3. Click “Connect”. 4. Click “Install Driver”. 5. Follow onscreen wizard. Turn on File & Printer Sharing 1. Open Network & Sharing Options. 2. Click “Change Advanced Sharing Settings” option. 3. Select “Turn On” file and printer sharing. 4. Click “Save Changes”. Sharing a Printer 1. Click “Settings” option under Charms bar. 2. Click “Control Panel”. 3. Click “View Devices and Printers” under “Hardware and Sounds” category. 4. Right-click “Printer” then “Printer Properties”. 5. Click “Sharing” tab. 6. Select “Share this Printer” check box. 7. Click “Apply”. 8. Click “Ok”.