বাংলা ভাষাতত্ত্ব PDF
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সরকারি ইসলামপুর কলেজ
ডঃ তাপস অধিকারী
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This document is a study on Bangla language from its originating source, historical transformations, and associated characteristics. It analyses Bangla language structure, style, and regional variations, offering insights into the development aspects of the Bangla language. It meticulously discusses various aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and regional dialect properties.
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, h¡wm¡ i¡o¡ Eá−hl pw¢rç C¢aq¡p fª¢bh£−a fË¡u Q¡l q¡S¡l i¡o¡ fËQ¢ma B−Rz HC i¡o¡…¢m−L a¡−cl j§m£i¨a p¡cª−nÉl ¢i¢š−a a¥me¡j§mL i¡o¡a−šÄl fÜ¢al p¡q¡−kÉ L−uL¢V i¡o¡hw−n hNÑ£L«a Ll¡ quz Hl j−dÉ HL¢V i¡o¡hwn qm C−¾c¡-CE−l¡f£u i¡o¡hwnz HC C−¾c¡-CE−l¡f£u i¡o¡hw−nl −m¡−L−c...
, h¡wm¡ i¡o¡ Eá−hl pw¢rç C¢aq¡p fª¢bh£−a fË¡u Q¡l q¡S¡l i¡o¡ fËQ¢ma B−Rz HC i¡o¡…¢m−L a¡−cl j§m£i¨a p¡cª−nÉl ¢i¢š−a a¥me¡j§mL i¡o¡a−šÄl fÜ¢al p¡q¡−kÉ L−uL¢V i¡o¡hw−n hNÑ£L«a Ll¡ quz Hl j−dÉ HL¢V i¡o¡hwn qm C−¾c¡-CE−l¡f£u i¡o¡hwnz HC C−¾c¡-CE−l¡f£u i¡o¡hw−nl −m¡−L−cl B¢c h¡pÙÛ¡e ¢Rm l¡¢nu¡l El¡m fhÑ−al f¡c−c−nz −pM¡e −b−L Be¤j¡¢eL 2500 ¢MËØV-f§hÑ¡−ël L¡R¡L¡¢R pj−u a¡l¡ ¢h¢iæ ÙÛ¡−e R¢s−u f−sz HC ¢hÙ¹¡−ll g−m a¡−cl i¡o¡u œ²jn B’¢mL f¡bÑLÉ hª¢Ü f¡uz g−m C−¾c¡-CE−l¡f£u i¡o¡hwn −b−L fËb−j fy¡Q¢V fË¡Q£e i¡o¡l SeÈ quz Hl j−dÉ HL¢V qm C−¾c¡-Cl¡e£u i¡o¡ hwnz C−¾c¡-Cl¡e£u i¡o¡i¡o£l Se−N¡ù£l −m¡−Ll¡ ¢e−Sl¡ "BkÑ' e¡−j A¢i¢qa Lla h−m pwL£ZÑ A−bÑ HC n¡M¡¢V−L BkÑn¡M¡ hm¡ quz HC BkÑi¡o¡ −b−LC h¡wm¡ i¡o¡l Eáhz a−h BkÑ −b−L ¢hhaÑ−Zl flhaÑ£ d¡−fC h¡wm¡ i¡o¡l Eáh O−V¢e-- −hn L−uL¢V Ù¹l A¢aœ²j L−l h¡wm¡ i¡o¡l Eáh O−V−Rz Be¤j¡¢eL 1500 ¢MËØV-f§hÑ¡ë −b−L haÑj¡e pju fkÑ¿¹ i¡la£u BkÑi¡o¡−L ¢ae¢V i¡−N i¡N Ll¡ k¡u-- 1) fË¡Q£e i¡la£u BkÑi¡o¡-- L¡mp£j¡ 1500 ¢MËØV-f§hÑ¡ë −b−L 600 ¢MËØV-f§hÑ¡ëz 2) jdÉ i¡la£u BkÑi¡o¡-- 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LbÉl©f…¢m −b−L Afïw−nl SeÈ qu Hhw Afïw−nl −no Ù¹−l B−p AhqVÚWz fË−aÉL −nËZ£l fË¡L«a −b−L −pC −nËZ£l Afïwn-BhqVÚ−Wl SeÈ q−u¢Rmz −kje °fn¡Q£ fË¡L«a −b−L °fn¡Q£ Afïwn-AhqVÚW, jq¡l¡øÊ£ fË¡L«a −b−L jq¡l¡øÊ£ Afïwn-AhqVÚW, −n±l−pe£ fË¡L«a −b−L −n±l−pe£ Afïwn-AhqVÚW, AdÑj¡Nd£ fË¡L«a −b−L AdÑj¡Nd£ Afïwn-AhqVÚW Hhw j¡Nd£ fË¡L«a −b−L j¡Nd£ Afïwn-AhqVÚWz Hlfl i¡la£u BkÑi¡o¡ a«a£uk¤−N fc¡fÑe L−lz HC pju HL HL¢V Afïwn-AhqVÚW −b−L HL¡¢dL ehÉ i¡la£u BkÑi¡o¡ SeÈm¡i L−lz −kje-- °fn¡Q£ Afïwn-AhqWÚV −b−L f¡”¡¢h, jq¡l¡øÊ£ Afïwn-AhqVÚW −b−L j¡l¡¢W, −n±l−pe£ Afïwn-AhqVÚW −b−L ¢q¢¾c, AdÑj¡Nd£ Afïwn-AhqVÚW −b−L Ah¢d, Bl j¡Nd£ Afïwn-AhqVÚW f¢ÕQj¡ J f§hÑ£ e¡−j c¤'¢V i¡−N ¢hiš² q−u f−sz Hlj−dÉ f§hÑ£ i¡o¡¢V −b−L h‰-Apj£u¡ Hhw J¢su¡ HC c¤'¢V i¡o¡l SeÈ quz flhaÑ£L¡−m h‰-Apj£u¡ i¡o¡¢V ¢hiš² q−u h¡wm¡ i¡o¡l Eáh O−Vz Hi¡−h ¢hhaÑ−el e¡e¡ Ù¹l −f¢l−u C−¾c¡-CE−l¡f£u h¡ j§m BkÑ i¡o¡hwn −b−L h¡wm¡ i¡o¡l Eáh O−Vz A−e−LC h¡wm¡ i¡o¡l See£ ¢qp¡−h pwú«a i¡o¡−L hm−mJ a¡ k¤¢š²NË¡qÉ euz L¡le pwú«a ¢Rm BkÑi¡o¡l ¢m¢Ma l©f, Bl h¡wm¡ i¡o¡l Eáh BkÑi¡o¡l LbÉl©f (fË¡L«a) −b−Lz 1 fË¡Q£e i¡la£u BkÑi¡o¡ fª¢bh£−a fË¡u Q¡l q¡S¡l i¡o¡ fËQ¢ma B−Rz H−cl j§m£i¨a p¡cª−nÉl ¢i¢š−a fËdÉZa a¨me¡j§mL i¡o¡a−šÄl fÜ¢al p¡q¡−kÉ L−uL¢V i¡o¡hw−n hNÑ£L«a Ll¡ quz HC i¡o¡hw−nl HL¢V n¡M¡ i¡lahoÑ J Cl¡e-f¡l−pÉ fË−hn Ll−m a¡−cl C−¾c¡-Cl¡e£u h¡ pwL£ZÑ A−bÑ BkÑ n¡M¡ hm¡ quz HC n¡M¡¢V c¤'i¡−N ¢hiš² q−u HL¢V k¡u Cl¡e-f¡l−pÉ, Afl¢V B−p i¡lah−oÑz i¡lah−oÑ −k n¡M¡¢V fË−hn L−l a¡−cl i¡o¡−LC i¡la£u BkÑi¡o¡ h−mz OVe¡¢V O−V¢Rm Be¤j¡¢eL 1500 ¢MËØVf§hÑ¡−ëz −pC pju −b−L HMeJ fkÑ¿¹ i¡la£u BkÑi¡o¡−L ¢ae¢V Ù¹−l i¡N Ll¡ qu-- 1) fË¡Q£e i¡la£u BkÑi¡o¡-- ¢hÙ¹¡lL¡m Be¤j¡¢eL 1500 ¢MËØVf§hÑ¡ë b−L 600 ¢MËØVf§hÑ¡ëz 2) jdÉi¡la£u BkÑi¡o¡-- ¢hÙ¹¡lL¡m Be¤j¡¢eL 600 ¢MËØVf§hÑ¡ë −b−L 900 ¢MËØV¡ë Hhw 3) ehÉi¡la£u BkÑi¡o¡-- ¢hÙ¹¡lL¡m Be¤j¡¢eL 900 ¢MËØV¡ë −b−L haÑj¡e pjuz p¤¤al¡w −cM¡ k¡−µR fË¡Q£ei¡la£u BkÑi¡o¡l ¢hÙ¹¡lL¡m Be¤j¡¢eL 1500 ¢MËØVf§hÑ¡ë −b−L 600 ¢MËØVf§hÑ¡ë fkÑ¿¹z HC i¡o¡l j§m ¢ecnÑe ¢q¾c¥−cl fË¡Q£e djÑNË¿Û "−hc'z "−hc' Bh¡l Q¡l¢V GL, p¡j, kS¥ J AbhÑz HR¡s¡J fË−aÉL −h−cl Bh¡l Q¡l¢V Awn B−R-- pw¢qa¡, hË¡þe, Ef¢eoc Hhw BlZÉLz fË¡Q£ei¡la£u B−kÑl c¤'¢V l©f ¢Rm-- °h¢cL J pwú«az Hl °h¢nøÉ…¢m qm-- dÆ¢ea¡¢šÄL °h¢nøÉ: 1) G, GG, 9, H, I pq pjÙ¹ üldÆ¢e Hhw n, o, p pq pjÙ¹ hÉ”ZdÆ¢e HC i¡o¡u fËQ¢ma ¢Rmz 2) ül¡O¡−al ÙÛ¡e f¢lhaÑ−el g−m n−ël A¿¹NÑa üldÆ¢el ¢h−no œ²j Be¤p¡−l f¢lhaÑe qaz HC f¢lhaÑ−el ¢ae¢V œ²j ¢Rm-- …e, hª¢Ü J pÇfËp¡lez üldÆ¢e A¢hL«a b¡L−m a¡−L …e h−m, üldÆ¢e c£OÑ q−u −N−m a¡−L hª¢Ü h−m Hhw üldÆ¢e kMe r£Z q−u −m¡f f¡u aMe HC f¢lhaÑe−L pÇfËp¡le h−mz 3) p¢æ¢qa c¤C dÆ¢el j−dÉ −kM¡−e p¢å pñh −pM¡−e p¢å fË¡u ph −r−œC Af¢lq¡kÑ ¢Rmz 4) fË¡Q£e i¡la£u B−kÑl °h¢cL i¡o¡l ül ¢ae fËL¡l ¢Rm-- Ec¡š (high\acute), Ae¤c¡š (low\grave), Hhw ü¢la (circumplex)z 5) fË¡Q£e i¡la£u B−kÑ k¤š² hÉ”−Zl üµR¾c hÉhq¡l fËQ¢ma ¢Rmz −kje-- œ², LÓ, š², š²«, jÑ, ÜÑ, øÊ, OÀ CaÉ¡¢cz l©fa¡¢šÄL °h¢nøÉ: 1) HLhQe, ¢àhQe Hhw hýhQe ¢e−u fË¡Q£ei¡la£u B−kÑ ¢ae¢V hQe ¢Rmz 2) j§m C−¾c¡-CE−l¡f£u i¡o¡u fË¡Q£ei¡la£u B−kÑ BV¢V L¡lL ¢Rm-- La«L¡lL, LjÑL¡lL, LlZL¡lL, ¢e¢jšL¡lL, pÇfËc¡eL¡lL, Af¡c¡eL¡lL, pðåL¡lL, A¢dLlZL¡lL Hhw p−ð¡deL¡lLz 3) fË¡Q£ei¡la£u B−kÑ ¢m‰ ¢aefËL¡l ¢Rm-- f¤w ¢m‰ (masculine), Ù»£¢m‰ (feminine) Hhw LÓ£h¢m‰ (neuter)z 4) fË¡Q£ei¡la£u B−kÑ nël©−fl −Q−u ¢œ²u¡l©−fl °h¢QœÉ −h¢n ¢Rmz LaÑ«h¡QÉ (Active Voice) LjÑ-i¡h h¡QÉ (Middle Voice)-- HC c¤C h¡−QÉ ¢œ²u¡l©f fªbL qaz 5) ¢œ²u¡l©f f°lØjfc J BaÈ−efc-- HC c¤Cl©−f ¢hiš² ¢Rmz d¡a¥J ¢aei¡−N ¢hiš² ¢Rm-- f°lØjfc£, BaÈ−efc£ J Eiufc£z 6) fË¡Q£ei¡la£u B−kÑ ¢aef¤l¦−o (Ešjf¤l¦o, jdÉjf¤l¦o J fËbjf¤l¦o) ¢œ²u¡l©f fªbL qaz 2 7) HC i¡o¡u ¢œ²u¡l fy¡Q¢V L¡m ¢Rmz H…¢m qm-- mVÚ, mPÚ, mªVÚ (Present Perfect, Future), ¢mVÚ (Perfect) m¤PÚ (Past)z Hl j−dÉ mPÚ, m¤PÚ J ¢mVÚ ¢Rm Aa£a L¡−ml C fËL¡l−icz 8) fË¡Q£ei¡la£u B−kÑl °h¢c−L ¢œ²u¡l fy¡Q¢V i¡N ¢Rm-- A¢ifË¡u (−mVÚ), ¢ehÑå, ¢e−cnÑL, pñ¡hL (¢h¢d¢mPÚ) Hhw Ae¤‘¡ (−m¡VÚ)z 9) fË¡Q£ei¡la£u B−kÑ fË, fl¡, Af, pj, Ae¤, Ah, ¢el, c¤l, ¢h, A¢d, p¤¤, Eyv, A¢a, ¢e, f¢l, A¢f, Af, B-- HC L¥¢s¢V EfpNÑ ¢Rmz k¡l¡ d¡a¥l f§−hÑ k¤š² q−u ea¥e në NWe Llaz 10) fË¡Q£ei¡la£u B−kÑ fËaÉu −k¡−NJ ea¥e ea¥e në NWe Ll¡ qaz HC fËaÉu ¢Rm c¤C fËL¡l-- L«v fËaÉu J a¢Üa fËaÉuz ( d¡a¥l p¡−b −k fËaÉu −k¡N Ll¡ qa a¡−L hm¡ qa L«v fËaÉuz −kje-- hªv+n¡eQÚ= haÑj¡e, je+E= je¤, Bl n−ël p¡−b −k fËaÉu −k¡N LlB qa a¡−L hm¡ qa a¢Üa fËaÉuz −kje-- je+AeÚ= j¡ehz)z h¡LÉNWeNa °h¢nøÉ: fË¡Q£ei¡la£u B−kÑ LaÑ¡, LjÑ fËi«¢a L¡lL J ¢œ²u¡l ¢h¢iæ l©−fl ¢hi¢š² p¤¤¢e¢cÑø ¢Rm SeÉ h¡−LÉl j−dÉ −p…¢m −kM¡−eC hp¤¤L LaÑ¡, LjÑ, ¢œ²u¡ fËi«¢a pq−S ¢Q−e −eJu¡ −kaz g−m h¡−LÉl A¿¹NÑa fc…¢ml AhÙÛ¡e E−ÒV f¡−ÒV ¢c−mJ a¡−a h¡−LÉl AbÑ ¢h¢OÀa qa e¡z R−¾c¡l£¢aNa °h¢nøÉ: fË¡Q£ei¡la£u B−kÑl °h¢c−Ll R¾c ¢Rm Arlj§mL-- Ar−ll pwMÉ¡ mO¤…l¦ ¢hQ¡l L−l HM¡−e R¾c ¢eZÑu Ll¡ qaz flhaÑ£L¡−ml j¡œ¡j§mL R−¾cl p¡−b HC R−¾cl f¡bÑLÉ HM¡−e −k, j¡œ¡j§mL R¾c fÜ¢a−a Arl EµQ¡l−Zl L¡m h¡ j¡œ¡ Ae¤k¡u£ R¾c ¢eZÑu Ll¡ qaz jdÉi¡l£u BkÑi¡o¡ fª¢bh£−a fËQ¢ma pjÙ¹ i¡o¡−L −k L−uL¢V i¡o¡hw−n ¢hiš² Ll¡ qu a¡l j−dÉ HL¢V qm C−¾c¡-CE−l¡f£u i¡o¡hwnz HC C−¾c¡-CE−l¡f£u i¡o¡hw−nl HL¢V n¡M¡ qm C−¾c¡-Cl¡e£u n¡M¡, k¡−L pwL£ZÑ A−bÑ BkÑ n¡M¡ hm¡ quz HC BkÑ n¡M¡l HL¢V cm Be¤j¡¢eL 1500 ¢MËØV f§hÑ¡−ë i¡lah−oÑ fË−hn Ll−m i¡la£u BkÑi¡o¡l k¤−Nl p§Qe¡ O−Vz −p pju −b−L HMe fkÑ¿¹ fËQ¢ma HC BkÑi¡o¡−L ¢ae¢V i¡−N i¡N Ll¡ qu-- 1) fË¡Q£ei¡la£u BkÑi¡o¡-- L¡mp£j¡ 1500 ¢MËØV f§hÑ¡ë −b−L 600 ¢MËØV¡ëz 2) jdÉi¡la£u BkÑi¡o¡-- L¡mp£j¡ 600 ¢MËØVf§hÑ¡ë −b−L 900 ¢MËØV¡ë Hhw 3) ehÉi¡la£u BkÑi¡o¡-- L¡mp£j¡ 900 ¢MËØV¡ë −b−L haÑj¡e L¡mz fË¡Q£ei¡la£u B−kÑl ¢m¢Ma i¡o¡ ¢Rm °h¢cL J pwú«az ¢L¿¹¥ H pjuL¡l j¤−Ml i¡o¡ fËL¢« al ü¡i¡¢hL ¢eu−j œ²−j œ²−j f¢lh¢aÑa quz Be¤j¡¢eL 600 ¢MËØVf§hÑ¡−ël L¡R¡L¡¢R pj−u HC dÆ¢eNa ab¡ hÉLlZNa ül©−fl f¢lhaÑe O−V HL ea¥e k¤−Nl p§Qe¡ quz HC k¤N¢Vl e¡j −cJu¡ qu jdÉi¡la£u BkÑi¡o¡z HC i¡o¡ 900 ¢MËØV¡ë fkÑ¿¹ fËQ¢ma ¢Rmz HC pjuL¡l i¡o¡…¢m qm-- LÓÉ¡¢pL¡É¡m pwú«a, −h±Ü pwú«a h¡ ¢jnË pwú«a, Afïwn, AhqVÚW fËi«¢az ü¡i¡¢hLi¡−h 1500 hR−l Hl j−dÉJ e¡e¡ f¢lhaÑZ H−p−Rz Bjl¡ −pC ¢hi¡−Nl B−m¡Qe¡u e¡ ¢N−u jdÉi¡la£u BkÑi¡o¡l p¡d¡le °h¢n−øÉl j−dÉC Bj¡−cl B−m¡Qe¡ p£j¡hÜ l¡Mhz HC jdÉi¡la£u BkÑi¡o¡l °h¢nøÉ…¢m qm-- 3 dÆ¢ea¡¢šÄL °h¢nøÉ: 1) fË¡Q£ei¡la£u BkÑi¡o¡l c¤'¢V AdÑ-hÉ”ZdÆ¢e "G' J "9' jdÉi¡la£u B−kÑ −m¡f f¡uz "9' H−Lh¡−l −m¡f f¡u, Bl "G' HL HL fË¡L«−a HL HL lLj dÆ¢e−a f¢lZa quz −kje jN