Overweight Obesity PDF

Overweight Obesity Common Health Conditions Related to Obesity - Type 2 diabetes - Heart disease - Stroke - Sleep apnea - High blood pressure - Liver disease - Gallbladder disease - Certain cancers - Pregnancy complications - Depression What is Obesity -...

Overweight Obesity Common Health Conditions Related to Obesity - Type 2 diabetes - Heart disease - Stroke - Sleep apnea - High blood pressure - Liver disease - Gallbladder disease - Certain cancers - Pregnancy complications - Depression What is Obesity - Obesity is a condition in which a person has o a harmful amount of body fat o or an unhealthy distribution of body fat. - It raises the risk for several serious health complications. o Excess body fat puts strain on the bones and organs. o It also causes complex changes in hormones and metabolism o and increases inflammation in the body. - People with obesity have a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher. o Weight (Kg) / height (m) 2 o What is the body mass index (BMI)? ▪ The body mass index (BMI) is a measure that uses your height and weight to work out if your weight is healthy. ▪ The BMI calculation divides an adult's weight in kilograms by their height in metres squared. For example, A BMI of 25 means 25kg/m2. ▪ BMI ranges For most adults, an ideal BMI is in the 18.5 to 24.9 range. For children and young people aged 2 to 18, the BMI calculation takes into account age and gender as well as height and weight.  ▪ If your BMI is: below 18.5 – you're in the underweight range between 18.5 and 24.9 – you're in the healthy weight range between 25 and 29.9 – you're in the overweight range 30 or over – you're in the obese range ▪ Accuracy of BMI BMI takes into account natural variations in body shape, giving a healthy weight range for a particular height. As well as measuring your BMI, healthcare professionals may take other factors into account when assessing if you're a healthy weight. Muscle is much denser than fat, so very muscular people, such as heavyweight boxers, weight trainers and athletes, may be a healthy weight even though their BMI is classed as obese. Your ethnic group can also affect your risk of some health conditions. For example, adults of South Asian origin may have a higher risk of some health problems, such as diabetes, with a BMI of 23, which is usually considered healthy. ▪ You should not use BMI as a measure if you're pregnant. Get advice from your midwife or GP if you're concerned about your weight - Having a risk factor like obesity doesn’t mean that you’ll develop the following health problems. o But it does increase your chances of developing one or more of them. Type 2 diabetes - Type 2 diabetes occurs when your blood sugar is higher than normal. - Over time, this can lead to other health issues, like o heart disease, o nerve damage, o stroke, o kidney disease, o and vision problems. - If you have obesity, losing just 5 to 7 percent of your body weight  - and getting regular, moderate exercise may prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes. Heart disease - Heart disease is more prevalent in people with obesity. - Over time, fatty deposits may accumulate in the arteries that supply the heart with blood. - People with obesity have higher than normal o blood pressure, o low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, o triglycerides, o and blood sugar, all of which contribute to heart disease. - Arteries that become narrow can lead to a heart attack. - Blood clots in narrow arteries can result in a stroke. Stroke - Stroke and heart disease share many of the same risk factors. - Strokes occur when the blood supply to the brain is cut off. - A stroke can cause o damage to brain tissue and result in a range of disabilities, o including ▪ speech and ▪ language impairment, ▪ weakened muscles, ▪ and changes to thinking and reasoning skills. - A 2010 review of 25 studies with almost 2.3 million participants found that o obesity increased the risk of stroke by 64 percent. Sleep apnea - Sleep apnea is a disorder in which someone may momentarily stop breathing during sleep. - People who are overweight and living with obesity are at a higher risk of having sleep apnea.  o This is because they tend to have more fat stored around the neck, making the airway shrink. o A smaller airway can cause snoring and difficulty breathing at night. - Losing weight can help decrease the amount of fat in the neck and lower the risk of sleep apnea. High blood pressure - Extra fat tissue in the body requires more oxygen and nutrients. - Your blood vessels will need to circulate more blood to the extra fat tissue. o This means your heart must work even harder to pump blood around the body. - The increase in the amount of blood circulating puts extra pressure on the walls of your arteries. o This added pressure is called high blood pressure, or hypertension. o Over time, high blood pressure can damage your heart and arteries. Liver disease - People with obesity can develop a liver disease known as o fatty liver disease o or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). - This happens when excess fat builds up in the liver. - The excess fat can damage the liver or cause scar tissue to grow, known as cirrhosis. - Fatty liver disease usually has no symptoms, o but it can eventually lead to liver failure. - The only way to reverse or manage the disease is to lose weight, o exercise, o and avoid drinking alcohol. Gallbladder disease - The gallbladder is responsible for storing a substance known as bile and passing it to the small intestine during digestion. - Bile helps you digest fats.  - Obesity increases your risk of developing gallstones. - Gallstones occur when bile builds up and hardens in the gallbladder. - People with obesity may have o higher levels of cholesterol in their bile, o or have large gallbladders that don’t work well, which can lead to gallstones. - Gallstones can be painful and require surgery. - Eating a diet high in fiber and healthy fats may help prevent gallstones. o Avoiding refined grains like white rice, bread, and pasta can also help. Certain cancers - Cancer isn’t a single disease, o the association between obesity and cancer isn’t as clear as other diseases like heart disease and stroke. o Still, obesity can increase your risk for certain cancers, o including ▪ breast, ▪ colon, ▪ gallbladder, ▪ pancreatic, ▪ kidney, ▪ prostate, ▪ uterus, ▪ cervix, ▪ endometrium, ▪ ovaries. One population-based study estimated that about - 28,000 new cases of cancer in men - and 72,000 in women  in 2012 were associated with being overweight or having obesity in the United States. Pregnancy complications - Pregnant women who are overweight or have obesity are more likely to develop o insulin resistance, o high blood sugar, o and high blood pressure. - This can increase the risk of complications during pregnancy and delivery, including: o gestational diabetes o preeclampsia o needing a cesarean delivery (C-section) o blood clots o heavier bleeding than normal after delivery o premature birth o miscarriage o stillbirth o defects of the brain and spinal cord In one study, - over 60 percent of women - with a BMI of 40 or greater when they got pregnant - ended up having one of these complications. If you’re overweight or have obesity and are thinking about having a baby, you may want begin a weight management plan to avoid the above health risks. Depression - People affected by obesity may often experience discrimination based on their body size. o Over time, this can lead to feelings of sadness or lack of self-worth. - Today, many advocacy groups are working to eliminate discrimination based on body size. How to lower your risk - Losing as little as 5 percent of your body weight can lower your risk for several of these health conditions, - including o heart disease o and type 2 diabetes. - A combination of diet and exercise can help you lose the weight slowly over time. - There’s no need to make drastic changes to your lifestyle. o The key is to be consistent and to continue making healthy choices. - For exercise, aim for at least 150 minutes a week of moderate aerobic activity. o This can include a brisk walk – just 30 minutes of walking per day will help you meet this goal. - Once you’ve gotten the hang of it, try increasing your exercise to 300 minutes per week. - Also, try to include strengthening activities like pushups or situps into your routine at least twice a week. A few ways to eat healthier include: - Fill half your plate with vegetables. - Replace unrefined grains, like o white ▪ bread, ▪ pasta, ▪ and rice - Eat whole grains like o whole wheat bread, o brown rice, o and oatmeal. - Eat lean sources of protein, such as o lean chicken, o seafood, o beans, and soy. - - Cut out fried foods, fast foods, and sugary snacks. - Avoid sugary drinks, like sodas and juice.  - Avoid alcohol. How Does Obesity Affect the Body? - In 2015 to 2016, obesity affected nearly 40 percent of the U.S. population. - People living with obesity have higher chances of developing a range of serious medical issues. - These health problems affect nearly every part of the body, including o the brain, o blood vessels, o heart, o liver, o gallbladder, o bones, o and joints. Nervous system - Being overweight or having obesity greatly increases the risk of stroke, o where blood stops flowing to your brain. - Obesity can also have a profound effect on your mental health. - This includes a higher risk of depression, poor self-esteem, and issues with body image. Respiratory system - Fat stored around the neck can make the airway too small, o which can make breathing difficult at night. o This is called sleep apnea. o Breathing may actually stop for short periods of time in people with sleep apnea. Digestive system - Obesity has been associated with a higher risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). o GERD occurs when stomach acid leaks into the esophagus. - In addition, obesity increases the risk of developing gallstones. o This is when bile builds up and hardens in the gallbladder. o This may require surgery.  - Fat can also build up around the liver and lead to liver damage, - scar tissues, - and even liver failure. Cardiovascular and endocrine system - In people with obesity, the heart needs to work harder to pump blood around the body. - This leads to high blood pressure, or hypertension. - High blood pressure is the leading cause of stroke. - Obesity can also make the body’s cells resistant to insulin. o Insulin is a hormone that carries sugar from your blood to your cells, where it’s used for energy. o If you’re resistant to insulin, the sugar can’t be taken up by the cells, resulting in high blood sugar. o This increases a person’s risk of having type 2 diabetes, ▪ a condition where your blood sugar is too high. ▪ Type 2 diabetes is linked to a range of other health issues, ▪ including heart disease, kidney disease, stroke, amputation, and blindness. - High blood pressure, - high cholesterol, - and high blood sugar on top of excess body fat can make the blood vessels that carry blood to the heart become hard and narrow. o Hardened arteries, also called atherosclerosis, can increase the risk of ▪ heart attack ▪ and stroke. - Diabetes and high blood pressure are also common causes of chronic kidney disease. Reproductive system - Obesity can make it more difficult for a woman to get pregnant. - It can also increase a woman’s risk of having serious complications during pregnancy. Skeletal and muscular systems - Obesity can cause deteriorating bone density and muscle mass. o This is referred to as osteosarcopenic obesity. o Osteosarcopenic obesity can lead to ▪ a higher risk of fractures, ▪ physical disability, ▪ insulin resistance, ▪ and poorer overall health outcomes. - Extra weight can also put too much pressure on the joints, leading to pain and stiffness. Integumentary (skin) system - Rashes can occur where the skin of body fat folds. A - condition known as acanthosis nigricans can also occur. o Acanthosis nigricans is characterized by discoloration and thickening of the skin in the folds and creases of your body. Other effects on the body - Obesity has been linked with an increased risk of many different types of cancers, including o endometrial, o liver,  o kidney, o cervical, o colon, o esophageal, o and pancreatic cancer, among others. - As your body mass index (BMI) increases, so does your risk of developing cancer.