HUMSSSoc 1Q HUMSS_POLGOV PDF

HUMSS_POLGOV Philippine Politics and Governance First Term - 1st Quarter Prepared by: Gabielle Kish Angeles and Arianna Montes Pointer...

HUMSS_POLGOV Philippine Politics and Governance First Term - 1st Quarter Prepared by: Gabielle Kish Angeles and Arianna Montes Pointers to Review: Lesson 1: Political Concepts Realpolitik Lesson 2: Approaches to the Study of Politics ➔ means doing whatever it takes as long as the Lesson 3: Images of Philippine Politics goal is done. it is the practical or pragmatic way of doing things. Lesson 4: Government and Types of ➔ disregards ideology, moral and ethical Government standards. Lesson 5: Political Ideologies Lesson 6: Power Political butterfly Lesson 7: Philippine Constitutions ➔ moving from 1 party to the next Lesson 8: Executive Department Lesson 9: Globalization Real Life Politics ➔ Political realism ◆ politics is a continuous struggle. LESSON 1: POLITICAL CONCEPTS ➔ Complex interdependence Politics ◆ all nations in the world are ➔ interaction with two or more people interdependent on one another, we ➔ ‘always a dialogue, and never a monologue’ cannot stand alone. ➔ a public activity ➔ Global justice ◆ seminars, trainings, etc. ◆ inequality is a reality and stressed on ➔ an expression of an idea, opinion the roles of government to address ➔ it is interpretation-dependent them. ◆ not every action is considered political, sometimes it has the Political Science potential to be ➔ deals strictly with the study of governments, ➔ does not always need to use words public policies and political processes, ◆ art, pictures, etc. systems, and political behavior. ➔ Harold Lasswell (1902–1978) ◆ politics is about ‘who gets what, when and how’ German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck Political Branches ➔ ‘Politics is the art of the possible, the art of the next best.' 1. Political Theory ALL CONTENTS FROM THIS REVIEWER ARE SOURCED FROM THE LECTURES OF DR. LORENA C. VALERIO, LPT, DPP. THIS REVIEWER IS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND NOT A LECTURE EQUIVALENT.  a. ideas and contributions of classical State Continuity Doctrine thinkers (Aristotle - father of political ➔ despite changes in administration, the will science, Plato, Machiavelli) still be a government 2. Comparative Politics a. compares and analyzes the Elements of the State governments and constitutions within and of different countries 1. People around the world. a. Large number of inhabitants living 3. Public Administration within the state. a. Implementation of the law b. Small enough to be ruled, big 4. International Relations enough to be self-sufficient. a. political economic relationship between states and other 2. Territory international organizations. a. Mass of land where state exercises 5. Public Law control a. Relationship between law and b. Terrestrial, Internal/Archipelagic citizens waters, 12 nautical miles of Territorial b. Law itself sea, Aerial. 6. Political Methodology c. 200 miles of EEZ, only covers a. quantitative method to describe and economic sovereignty. define political phenomena. ➔ Benham Rise/Philippine Rise ➔ Scarborough Shoal - despite State being only 230 km from ➔ Community occupying a definite portion of Zambales, was not included territory. as part of our territory. ➔ e.g., Philippines, China, USA Reason: was not declared an ➔ No state/person may own the universe, island until China overtook it. planets, and galaxies above. ➔ Kalayaan Group of Islands ◆ 1974, Cloma ceded his rights Rights of the State to Pres. F Marcos Sr. 1. Right of Existence and self-defense ◆ 1978, Pres Marcos Sr. issued 2. Right of Independence PD 1596, established KGI as 3. Right of Equality an municipality in Palawan. 4. Right of Legation / diplomatic relation ◆ 7 islands and 3 shoals or reefs. 3. Government Role of the State a. An agency in which the will of the ➔ “Parens Patriae” – Parents of the Country state is formulated, expressed, and ➔ must care for those who cannot take care of carried out. themselves b. People must obey it. ALL CONTENTS FROM THIS REVIEWER ARE SOURCED FROM THE LECTURES OF DR. LORENA C. VALERIO, LPT, DPP. THIS REVIEWER IS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND NOT A LECTURE EQUIVALENT.  c. Administration is temporary, Government does not easily change. 3. The Political Economy a. Relationship between the 4. Sovereignty government and economics. a. Supreme power of the state. b. Economics = conflict over scarce resources, Politics = who will pay and Types of Sovereignty who will benefit. 1. Internal sovereignty c. Ex: 4Ps, Maharlika investment fund. a. Freedom to rule within its territory. 2. External sovereignty 4. The Systems Approach a. Freedom to carry out a. Process programs/activities without control i. Demands & Needs of other states. ii. Support iii. Legislative makes the law Nation iv. Executive implements ➔ Population with common history, customs, v. Judiciary checks language, etc. vi. Continue if results are good State cannot exist without the vii. Investigate/discontinue if government, but the government results are bad can exist without state. 5. Structural Functional Approach a. Each person in the structure has a function, to maintain stability. LESSON 2: APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF b. Departments can check on each POLITICS other if functioning well. Approaches to the Study of Politics 1. Traditional/Historical LESSON 3: IMAGES OF PHILIPPINE POLITICS a. Chronological study of evolution of government structures. Board Room (BORO) Politics ➔ Business elites and professionals. 2. Scientific/Behavioralist ➔ People Power 2 vs Joseph Estrada, he was a. Seeks to understand how individuals not impeached. behave within political institutions and how informal behavior Bureaucratic (Bureau) Politics contributes to policy making. ➔ May make decisions in favor of general b. Ex: Why did the people vote for welfare or in favor of political interests, someone, uses methodology, business, allies, family, etc. quantitative, interview. ALL CONTENTS FROM THIS REVIEWER ARE SOURCED FROM THE LECTURES OF DR. LORENA C. VALERIO, LPT, DPP. THIS REVIEWER IS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND NOT A LECTURE EQUIVALENT. Congress (CON) Politics ➔ Political structure, formulates, expresses, ➔ Policy making by legislatures may affect and realizes the will of the people. private and/or public interests. ➔ 1987 Philippine Constitution ➔ Executive, Legislative, Judiciary Chief Executive (CHEX) Politics ➔ Separation of powers = separate roles but ➔ President, Governors, Mayors, Barangay co-equal Captains. ➔ Checks and Balances = each department checks each other. Court-room (CORO) Politics Court orders and decisions of judges, Administration justices, and prosecutors. ➔ composed of a group of persons who handle For general welfare or private interests. the reins of government. Multimedia (MUME) Politics Governance ➔ Mass media can make or break a President. ➔ Process of decision-making which decisions are implemented, may be good or bad. Faith Based (FABA) Politics ➔ Decisions are made by leaders and members 8 Major Characteristics of Good Governance of religious groups. 1. Participatory Military Politics (games of the generals) a. Right to information, freedom of ➔ Can move or remove leaders. expression. ➔ Key factors that changed government and 2. Consensus-Oriented government leaders. a. All interests must be heard. The interests of all parties shall be heard Civil society politics (NGOs) by one side. ➔ The high profile socio political engagement 3. Accountable and proactive lobbying of voluntary groups. a. Holds themselves responsible for mistakes and decisions. X-men politics (gambling lords) 4. Transparency ➔ Drug lords, Gambling lords, Vice lords, who a. Follows the Rule of law. support the career of politicians and b. You give the people the chance to bureaucrats who in return provide protection see the changes in the government. to their syndicated crimes. 5. Responsive a. Response to issues on time. 6. Effective and efficient LESSON 4: GOVERNMENT AND TYPES OF a. The use of resources while GOVERNMENT sustaining. They must provide the solutions effectively and efficiently as Government soon as they can. ALL CONTENTS FROM THIS REVIEWER ARE SOURCED FROM THE LECTURES OF DR. LORENA C. VALERIO, LPT, DPP. THIS REVIEWER IS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND NOT A LECTURE EQUIVALENT.  7. Equitable and inclusive ii. The Caliphate of Mindanao a. Including all related individuals in the d. Government by Occupation group. Proportionate distribution of i. The occupation of another needs to the people. state establishes a puppet 8. Follows the rule of law state. a. Impartial implementation of things. ii. Occupation of the Japanese Similar to rule number 4. of the Philippine Commonwealth. Poor Governance Characteristics Acts of Government 1. Arbitrary Policy Making ➔ any legal acts of the government as an a. abuse of authority agency of the state. 2. Unaccountable bureaucracies a. No responsibility. Under the “ACT OF STATE DOCTRINE” 3. Unenforced or unjust legal systems ➔ an act done by a state's sovereign power a. Not abiding by the law. within its limits cannot be questioned or be 4. The abuse of executive power subject to any legal proceeding. a. The abuse of presidential power. 5. Civil society unengaged in public life Types of Government a. Not interested in engaging with the government. Anarchy 6. Widespread corruption ➔ Not a type of Government a. the imbalance in justice and power. ➔ No government and no laws. Kinds of Government based on LEGITIMACY Autocracy ➔ is one in which the power to govern is held 1. De Jure by one person. a. Legitimate b. Constitution enables its existence 3 Types of Autocracy 1. Autocratic-Dictatorship 2. De facto a. A leader takes control over the a. illegitimate government and has total power. b. Government by Revolution b. the Democratic People’s Republic of i. Through revolutionary means Korea led by Supreme Leader Kim ii. Cory Aquino’s revolution that Jong-un overthrew President 2. Autocratic Absolute Monarchy Ferdinand Edralin Marcos a. The King or Queen has total power c. Government by Secession over the government. i. Government is separated b. King Louis XIV of France from the central government. 3. Constitutional Monarchy ALL CONTENTS FROM THIS REVIEWER ARE SOURCED FROM THE LECTURES OF DR. LORENA C. VALERIO, LPT, DPP. THIS REVIEWER IS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND NOT A LECTURE EQUIVALENT.  a. There is a constitution where the ➔ The citizens ➔ The people vote king or queen is limited by law and choose the for the shares power with elected officials legislative Executive and b. the British Royal Family branch Legislative (Parliament). positions. Oligarchy ➔ The Prime ➔ The people ➔ It is when a family or small group controls all Minister would elect a of the government’s power soon be elected president to ◆ The group gets its power from by the make decisions military, wealth, or social status. legislative. for them. ➔ Examples of Oligarchy Countries: The United ➔ Prime Minister - ➔ “Democratic States, China, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Iran The Executive Republic” - A ➔ Theocratic Oligarch of the common ◆ led by a religious leader. Parliamentary misleading ◆ The Vatican City, Afghanistan, and System name. Iran. Democracy ➔ A type of government that is run by the people. ➔ Plebiscite ◆ A yes or no vote regarding an Two Types of Democracy important decision or law. (approve or disapprove) ➔ Recall DIRECT REPRESENTATIVE ◆ the people will remove a local ➔ The people ➔ The people government official through a vote. directly control elect ➔ Referendum the affairs of the representatives ◆ Asking a special question directly to state. who then make the people. Plebiscite votes for the ➔ Everyone votes decisions for approval or an act. This is simply on every issue. them. asking for the opinion of the people ➔ Also known as about an act. Republicanism (i.e., USA, Systems Philippines) Systems ➔ How the power is distributed. ➔ All decisions and power are held at a central Two Methods of the Representative System. level. PARLIAMENTARY PRESIDENTIAL Unitary Government ALL CONTENTS FROM THIS REVIEWER ARE SOURCED FROM THE LECTURES OF DR. LORENA C. VALERIO, LPT, DPP. THIS REVIEWER IS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND NOT A LECTURE EQUIVALENT.  ➔ A type of government where one central Political Spectrum body controls everything. ◆ Power is not shared between counties, states, etc. RIGHTIST Federal Government ➔ Power is shared by a powerful central a. Emphasizing on government power and government. authority ➔ The powers are shared with the rest b. Usually at the expense of individual of certain provinces or states. freedom ➔ Elected by respective c. Extreme- Fascism, Moderate- states/provinces. Conservatism 1991 Local Government Law LEFTIST ➔ Giving centralized or devolved powers to a a. Believe in the ideologies that believe in local government unit. freedom b. Extreme- Anarchism, Moderate- Liberalism LESSON 5: POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES CENTRIST Ideology A. Combination of authoritarian government ➔ The term was created during the French observing individual freedom Revolution by Antoine Destutt de Tracy (1754-1836) ➔ First used in public in 1796 ◆ Ideology influences all of our lives, but it works in such a way that we are often unaware of its influence. Political Ideology ➔ Product of state indoctrination or of individual’s background, experience and Figure 1.0 The Left vs. Right Political Spectrum acquired knowledge ➔ Set of belief and idea that outlines the role Political Idealogies of government in a basis of political culture ◆ Political culture - refers to beliefs, 1. Liberalism attitudes, and behavior that defines a. Good government should be the political processes in governance unrestricting enough (J.S. Mill - Father of Economics) ALL CONTENTS FROM THIS REVIEWER ARE SOURCED FROM THE LECTURES OF DR. LORENA C. VALERIO, LPT, DPP. THIS REVIEWER IS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND NOT A LECTURE EQUIVALENT.  b. Human nature is characterized by c. Trickle down Economics - reduced reason and tolerance (Johne Locke - taxes on the wealthy Father of Liberalism) c. Industrialized West 6. Conservatism i. Unique, Equality a. Tradition preservation ii. Intellect and reason b. Human imperfection iii. Political co-existence c. Reactionism - return to old ways. 2. Social Democracy 7. Fascism a. Democratic government and a. Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler Capitalist Economy b. Against use of reason b. Social reforms c. Elitism (Survival of the fittest) i. Socialist state through legal d. Extreme nationalism and non-violent means. Political Systems 3. Socialism a. Community 1. Totalitarianism b. We can be molded by life a. State is in the hands of only one experiences person or small group c. We are co-equals b. Total control d. Cooperation and common c. Ideological manipulation ownership. e. Free access to goods and services, 2. Authoritarianism eliminates class division a. Strong central government i. Communism - classless b. Limited freedom for citizens society, no hierarchy/authority 3. Libertarianism ii. Marxism - under a. A Political system wherein the communism, proletariat vs government has limited influence burgeoisie., armed struggle. over the economy and society 4. Anarchism a. Mikhail Bakunin (Russian anarchist) b. Violent means Ideology in the Philippines c. Self-governed communities ➔ Liberals, socialists, conservatives, fascists ➔ Patronage Politics - personality driven 5. Neoliberalism ➔ Populism - role of the people/masses a. Laissez-faire economy - free market ➔ Popularism - to work towards a policy that is b. Government does not intervene beneficial for all ALL CONTENTS FROM THIS REVIEWER ARE SOURCED FROM THE LECTURES OF DR. LORENA C. VALERIO, LPT, DPP. THIS REVIEWER IS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND NOT A LECTURE EQUIVALENT. Patronage Politics ➔ An aspect of a relationship between 2 social ➔ It is more primarily personality-driven actors where one actor "A" can induce or ➔ citizens often base their participation in the influence actor "B" to do something in line government on whether or not to identify with A's preferences when B would not do with or like that politician or whether or not that otherwise such politician is going to pay them, or whether or not is a relative 5 Types of Power by French and Raven (1959) ➔ Using the state to reward individuals for their electoral support 1. Force = Coercive Power a. Afraid of punishment. Populism b. Follower's belief that the leader has ➔ Interest of the masses, mass over the elite the power to punish him for ➔ Emphasizes the role of the people against non-compliance (E.g. Marcos Sr., the elite Adolf Hitler, Rodrigo Duterte) ➔ A fight between the role/interest of the c. Abuse of power. masses against the interest of elitism ➔ Different from popularism since it is a 2. Wealth = Reward Power political doctrine. a. Expecting something in return. ➔ Conceived by Don Luigi Sturzo Political sociology - ◆ Popular - people Patron-clientelism ◆ Emphasizes working a certain policy toward the welfare or the benefit of 3. Expertise = Expert Power all the members of the society as a. Knowledge is power, superior against a specific group information ◆ Had been the basis of French popular b. Change of belief democratic parties since 1920s c. Leader possesses superior i. information and ability 4. Position = Legitimate Power LESSON 6: POWER a. Power given to them by the law b. Legitimate power Power ➔ Central to the study of politics. 5. Popular Support = Referent Power ➔ Interpretation-based. a. Popular support minimizes the need ➔ Without power, the government is nothing. to use coercive power or reward power to obtain compliance to the Robert Dahl decision of the government ➔ You will not follow if they do not have b. based on the followers’ identification influence over you with the leader ALL CONTENTS FROM THIS REVIEWER ARE SOURCED FROM THE LECTURES OF DR. LORENA C. VALERIO, LPT, DPP. THIS REVIEWER IS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND NOT A LECTURE EQUIVALENT. Authority c. It can change (from charismatic to ➔ Formal or legal as distinguished from traditional, charismatic to personal power. legal-rational, etc.) ➔ a position: authority is attached to these positions. Human nature and power ➔ roles: the set of patterned expectations ➔ Power corrupts about behavior that the members of society attach to “We have learned by sad experience that it is the a position in an institution. nature and disposition of almost all men, as soon as ➔ Not all people who have power have they get a little authority, as they suppose, they will authority. immediately begin to exercise unrighteous dominion.” D&C 121:39 Types of Authority according to Max Weber Solutions 1. Follow the rule of law. 1. Traditional Authority 2. Separation of Powers a. Traditions and customs 3. Checks & Balances b. Agreements i. Ex: Brunei Sultanate (the Inherent and Fundemental Powers of the State eldest will be the Sultan), Britain, Belgium, the 1. Police Power Netherlands and Spain. a. Regulate liberty and property for the ii. The Pope as well because it is promotion of the general welfare - tied up with hereditary do’s and dont’s systems of power and b. Control - yes or no only privilege. c. Latin maxims: i. Salus populi est suprema lex 2. Charismatic Authority → the welfare of the people a. Followers is the supreme law b. believe that he or she has ii. Dura lex sed lex extraordinary personal qualities that → the law is harsh but it is command their obedience. the law c. Mussolini, Hitler and Mao Zedong. d. Purpose: i. Serve the general welfare. 3. Legal-Rational Authority ii. Promote public health a. acceptance of publicly articulated, iii. Protect Public safety society-wide rules and regulations iv. Protect public morals issued by duly authorized public v. Promote economic security officials. vi. Private right vs public interest b. Holds a position through legal procedures. ALL CONTENTS FROM THIS REVIEWER ARE SOURCED FROM THE LECTURES OF DR. LORENA C. VALERIO, LPT, DPP. THIS REVIEWER IS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND NOT A LECTURE EQUIVALENT.  vii. Social justice - humanization Juan paid an occupational tax of of laws, may at least be P25,000 to the BIR and is required approximated. to pay P10,000 by the city of Manila where he is working. Can he Was an administrative order refuse to pay such taxes on the phasing out taxi cabs more than 6 ground of double taxation? years old a valid exercise of police power? No, taxes are imposed by different Yes, to protect the riding public authorities. 2. Limitations on Eminent Domain a. Power of the state to take private Power and Citizenship property to be used for public ➔ Sovereignty resides in the people and all purpose government authority emanates from them. b. The taking must be within (Article 2, 1987 Constitution) constitutional sense c. “Public use” has now been held to be Types of Citizenship synonymous with “public interest,” 1. Civil Citizenship “public benefit,” and “public a. individual rights and freedom, convenience.” freedom 2. Political Citizenship a. participation and political power of the citizens 3. Power of Taxation b. right to vote and be voted (suffrage, a. power to collect a proportionate referendum, plebiscite) amount from the people to defray 3. Social Citizenship the expenses of the government a. rights and responsibilities of the b. Lifeblood theory - the government citizens, responsibility of being in a will not survive without taxes community. c. Double Taxation – no constitutional prohibition but against excessive ➔ Revolution four pillars taxation. ◆ PNP, AFP, Religion, Middle Class d. Excessive Taxation - one taxing people (silent majority), Social Media authority collects taxes more than once in a year. Responsibility and Accountability ➔ Obligation ➔ Accountability ➔ Responsibilities – Legal and Moral ALL CONTENTS FROM THIS REVIEWER ARE SOURCED FROM THE LECTURES OF DR. LORENA C. VALERIO, LPT, DPP. THIS REVIEWER IS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND NOT A LECTURE EQUIVALENT.  ➔ Same as the Cuban Constitution of Abuse of authority Jimaguayu. ➔ use of authorized power for illegal acts ➔ Ex: Threats, Sexual Harassment Malolos Constitution ➔ Written by Felipe Calderon Abuse of discretion ➔ Proclamation held at the Barasoain Church in ➔ willful disregard for the rules Malolos ➔ Ex: Hiring (political patronage), bidding, not ➔ Lasted up until the Philippine-American War allowing witnesses to testify ➔ Establishment of the First Philippine Republic Abuse of power ➔ performs unlawful action while in office/in 1935 Constitution power ➔ Written by Claro M. Recto ➔ Created in accordance with the Corruption establishment of the Philippine ➔ use of authority for private interest (Ex: Commonwealth. bribery) ➔ Tydings-Mcduffie Law of 1934 caused the drafting of the 1935 constitution. Graft ➔ Continued in 1946 until 1972. ➔ use of public funds for personal gain ➔ The Constitution had to be approved by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. ◆ 4 Year President Term ◆ Re-election for 4 years. LESSON 7: PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTIONS ◆ 2 Terms only. What is a Constitution? 1943 Constitution ➔ The fundamental law of the land. ➔ Drafted by the Philippine Committee of ➔ It is a part of the COUNTRY’S Philippine Independence. SOVEREIGNTY. ➔ Created in accordance with the ➔ Basis of all other laws. establishment of Puppet Republic. ➔ Serves as a guide to the government in ➔ Allows the Filipinos to believe that they making decisions. would be given independence. ➔ Allowed the Japanese to have influence over 1897 Constitution territory and resources. ➔ Philippines’ first constitution ➔ Called the Biak-na-Bato Constitution 1973 Constitution ➔ Written by Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer ➔ Main purposes before Martial Law: ➔ Created in accordance with the ◆ Extends the Presidential term. establishment of the Biak-na-Bato Republic. ◆ Reflect genuine Philippine independence and sovereignty. ALL CONTENTS FROM THIS REVIEWER ARE SOURCED FROM THE LECTURES OF DR. LORENA C. VALERIO, LPT, DPP. THIS REVIEWER IS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND NOT A LECTURE EQUIVALENT.  ◆ Gives Marcos more power and a. Implemented throughout the postpone the 1973 elections. country. ◆ Created the New Society and in b. Drafted by the congress. accordance with the Declaration of c. Also called the Republic Acts. Martial Law. ◆ Lasted until the People Power 2. Ordinances Revolution in 1986. a. Passed by local government bodies in provinces, towns, cities, etc. Freedom Constitution b. Implemented because they are ➔ Promulgated on March 25, 1986 essential to the communities. ➔ Created for the establishment of the c. Examples: Change in street names Revolutionary Government of 1986 3. Barangay Laws ➔ Only parts about human rights were a. Passed by the local barangays. retained from the previous b. Implemented but does not constitution. supersede National Laws ➔ Served as temporary/transitional constitution. Kinds of Constitution ​ 1987 Constitution 1. As to their origin and history ➔ Ratified by February 2, 1987 a. Conventional or enacted (e.g., Constitution ➔ Formulated by the Constitutional of Japan granted by the Monarch) Commission led by Cecilia Muñoz Palma. b. Cumulative or Evolved (based from ➔ Restored presidential government Evolution) ➔ Restored protection of human rights. 2. As to their form ➔ Changes from previous constitutions: a. Written ◆ Longer term but without reelection b. Unwritten for president. 3. As to the manner of amending them a. Rigid or inelastic (through ◆ Abolition of capital punishment parliament/congress ◆ Party-list representation and creation b. Flexible or elastic (changes through of Sandigang Bayan tradition) ◆ Creation of Human Rights Commission. Constitution ◆ Controlled power of the president in ➔ A legislation direct from the people. declaring martial law. ➔ States the general framework ➔ Intended not merely to meet existing Different Kinds of Laws made by the Government conditions but to govern the future. ➔ Constitution is the supreme or fundamental 1. National Laws law. ALL CONTENTS FROM THIS REVIEWER ARE SOURCED FROM THE LECTURES OF DR. LORENA C. VALERIO, LPT, DPP. THIS REVIEWER IS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND NOT A LECTURE EQUIVALENT. Statute ➔ It is to change some parts of the ➔ Legislation from the people’s constitution. representatives. ➔ Provide details of the subject it treats. ➔ Intended primarily to meet existing Revision conditions only. ➔ rewriting or substantial changes in the ➔ Statute conforms to the Constitution. constitution. State Principles and Policies 3 Methods for Proposing Amendment or Revision 1. Recognition of the Aid of Almighty God 1. By Congress, as a constituent assembly 2. Sovereignty of the People upon a vote of ¾ of all its members. 3. Renunciation of war as an instrument of 2. By constitutional conventions called for the national policy. purpose (⅔ of the congress calling for a 4. Offensive War plebiscite for a call for Constitutional a. The nation declares war. Convention) 5. Defensive War a. ConCon - is a body assembled to a. Another country declares war against frame, revise, or formulate us. amendments. The members are 6. Supremacy of civilian authority over the elected by the voters. military. 3. By the people directly, through initiative 7. Separation of Church and State upon petition of at least 12% of the total 8. Recognition of the importance of the family registered voters and at least 3% of every as a basic social institution and of the vital legislative district therein. role of youth in nation-building. a. Applied only to amendments 9. Guarantee of Human Rights. 10. Government through suffrage (voting) 11. Separation of Power 12. Independence of Judiciary 13. Guarantee of Local Autonomy 14. High Sense of Public service morality and accountability. 15. Nationalization of natural resources and certain private enterprises affect by public LESSON 8: EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT interest. 16. Non-suability of the state. Executive Department 17. Rule of Majority ➔ The power is vested in the president of the 18. Government of laws and not men. Philippines. ➔ the largest component of the national Amendment branch. ➔ It implements the policies and laws. ALL CONTENTS FROM THIS REVIEWER ARE SOURCED FROM THE LECTURES OF DR. LORENA C. VALERIO, LPT, DPP. THIS REVIEWER IS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND NOT A LECTURE EQUIVALENT.  ➔ President, VP, and Cabinet of the Philippines ➔ VP is eligible to be a member of the Cabinet (secretaries of the departments) through appointment without the Commission on Appointment approval QUALIFICATIONS ➔ VP allowed to serve for 2 successive terms 1. Natural-born citizens of the Philippines Elections a. Father or mother is a citizen of the ➔ Regular Philippines ◆ Second Monday of May, every six b. Foundlings - Natural born adopted years (except for Barangay elections) children as per the Supreme Court ➔ Special Elections 2. Registered Voter ◆ The vacant position will only serve 3. Able to read and write for a number of years in the term. a. No college decree or educational ➔ The Supreme Court sitting en banc requirement. ◆ sole judge of all contests relating to b. Must be literate the election 4. Must be 40 years old on the day of the ➔ Death, Disability, Removal from office or election resignation. 5. Must be a resident of the Philippines for at ◆ Vacancies occur more than eighteen least ten (10) years immediately preceding months before the next election. the day of the election. (there must be a more than 18 month difference between 2 elections) a. Animus revertendi ◆ A law passed by congress. i. The intent to return to a country. Rule of Succession ii. as long as there is purpose is ➔ Should there be death, permanent disability, to return to the Philippines removal, or resignation b. Animus manendi ◆ President → VP becomes the i. Intent to stay president c. Animus non-revertendi ◆ President and VP → Senate i. Intent to leave. President act as president ◆ President, VP, Sen. President → Speaker of the House act as president Term of Office Election ➔ If all mentioned are unable, Congress shall ➔ The President and VP shall be elected by the provide for the manner to select who will act people for 6 years. (Art. 7, Section 4) as president mentioned above. ➔ Shall not be eligible for any re-election as the same executive position The Executive Department: Temporary Disability ➔ No person who has succeeded as President for more than 4 years shall be qualified. (Article 7, Section 4) ALL CONTENTS FROM THIS REVIEWER ARE SOURCED FROM THE LECTURES OF DR. LORENA C. VALERIO, LPT, DPP. THIS REVIEWER IS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND NOT A LECTURE EQUIVALENT.  ➔ When the President TRANSMITS to the ◆ ensure that laws are faithfully Senate President and the Speaker of the executed (Article 7, Section 17) House. ➔ Faithful Execution Clause ➔ A written declaration that he is unable to ◆ Duty to execute a law despite his discharge the powers and the duties of his doubts about its validity until and office, VP must be ACTIVE PRESIDENT unless it is declared unconstitutional ➔ The majority of all the members of the ➔ Supervision CABINET transmit to the Senate President ◆ Overseeing that subordinate officers and Speaker of the house. perform their duties ➔ A WRITTEN DECLARATION that the President is unable to discharge the powers Power of Appointment and duties of his office. ➔ Selection by the authority of an individual ➔ VP IMMEDIATELY assumes the powers and who is to exercise the functions of a given duties of the office AS ACTING PRESIDENT. office. ➔ President transmit Written Declaration that NO inability exists, reassumes the powers of Appointments NOT requiring the consent of the the Office of the President. Commision on Appointments 1. Midnight appointment a. Executive order no. 2 by GMA Prohibitions and Limitations 2. Regular Presidential appointment ➔ No increase in salaries during the term 3. Ad-Interim Appointment ◆ Can enact salary increase but would a. Appointment made in recess. apply for the next term ➔ Shall not receive emoluments or hold any Appointments requiring the consent of the other office. Commision on Appointments ➔ Shall not, directly or indirectly, practice any 1. Heads of the Executive Departments other profession, business, or be financially 2. Ambassadors and public ministers interested in any other contract with 3. Officers of the AFP (colonel and above) and government franchises. Admiralty. ➔ Avoid conflict of interest in the conduct of their office. ➔ May not appoint spouse or relatives by consanguinity or affinity within 4th civil Limitations degree. 1. He cannot appoint relatives within the 4th civil consanguinity or affinity Executive Power 2. Two months prior to the regular election for ➔ Control President. Temporary appointments when ◆ all executive departments, bureaus, continued vacancies and office a. can only appoint when public integrity is endangered ALL CONTENTS FROM THIS REVIEWER ARE SOURCED FROM THE LECTURES OF DR. LORENA C. VALERIO, LPT, DPP. THIS REVIEWER IS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND NOT A LECTURE EQUIVALENT.  3. Appointment extended by an acting ➔ Suspension of writ of Habeas Corpus president shall remain effective unless ◆ Habeas Corpus = order coming from revoked by the elected President within 90 the court to produce the body of a days from the assumption or re-assumption person who had been arrested or in of office. the custody of the government Power of Removal Grounds for suspension ➔ This power is implied from the power to ➔ invasion, rebellion, when public safety appoint. requires it. Exception Effects of suspension ➔ Those appointed by him where the ➔ Does not affect the right to bail constitution prescribes specific methods for ◆ Bail = a certain amount of money separation from public service. given to the court for the temporary ➔ Justices of the Supreme Court cannot be release of a prisoner. removed by the President. They are only ➔ Applied only to persons facing charges of removed when impeached. rebellion. ➔ The arrested must be charged within three Impeachment days’ if not, they must be released. ➔ Notion to remove someone from office. The ➔ Does not supersede civilian authority. Senate hears the case, and the House of Representatives files the case. Martial Law ➔ The power of the president to utilize the Doctrine Of Qualified Political Agency Military in order to take over law ➔ The president, as head of all executive enforcement. departments, has control of the executive departments, and the latter are mere Grounds for declaration adjuncts of the president, such as their acts ➔ invasion and rebellion. are acts of the President unless reprobate or overruled by the President. The following cannot be done: 1. Suspend the operation of the constitution. Can The President Reverse The Decision Of The 2. Supplant the function of the civil courts and Secretary Of Justice? legislative assemblies. ➔ YES 3. Violate open court doctrine (Civilians cannot be tried by the Court Martial if the civil Military Powers courts are open and functioning.) ➔ Commander-in-Chief clause 4. Automatically suspend the writ of Habeas ➔ To call out the Armed Forces to prevent or Corpus. suppress lawless violence invasion or rebellion whenever it becomes necessary. ALL CONTENTS FROM THIS REVIEWER ARE SOURCED FROM THE LECTURES OF DR. LORENA C. VALERIO, LPT, DPP. THIS REVIEWER IS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND NOT A LECTURE EQUIVALENT. CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATIONS OF ML and Habeas ➔ Person released by amnesty stands before Corpus the law. 1. Not more than 60 days, unless extended by the congress. Commutation 2. President to report to congress within 48 ➔ reduction or mitigation of penalty. hours. ➔ Reprieve = postponement of sentence or 3. Authority of the congress to revoke or stay of execution. extend. ➔ Parole = release from imprisonment, but 4. Authority of the Supreme Court to inquire of without full restoration of liberty. the factual basis for such action. ➔ Remission of Fines and Forfeiture = prevents the collection of fines and WAYS TO LIFT PROCLAMATION OF SUSPENSION confiscation of forfeited property. 1. By the president himself. 2. Revocation by Congress 3. Nullification by the Supreme Court. Borrowing Power (Section 20) 4. By law after 60 days. ➔ The President may contract or guarantee 5. PARDONING POWER (Article 7, Section 19) foreign loans on behalf of the Republic with the concurrence of the Monetary Board, Pardon subject to such limitations as may be ➔ Act of grace which exempts individuals from provided by law. punishment which the law inflicts. ➔ As to effect: Diplomatic Power (Section 21) ◆ Plenary - All cases filed will be ➔ No treaty or international agreement shall be pardoned. All cases are absolved, but valid and effective unless concurred in by at the records remain. least ⅔ of all the Members of the Senate. ◆ Partial - Only a portion of your cases ➔ The power to ratify is vested in the will be pardoned. President, subject to the concurrence of the ➔ As to presence: Senate. ◆ Conditional Pardon - Before release, the president will give a specific Other Foreign affairs powers: condition. 1. Power to make treaties. ◆ Absolute Pardon - Exempts an 2. Power to appoint ambassadors, consuls, and individual of ALL cases public ministers. ➔ Exempted from jail time, and all cases will be 3. Power to receive ambassadors and other erased from records. (e.g., Erap being public ministers granted by GMA) 4. Deportation Power Amnesty Budgetary Powers ➔ A general pardon to rebels for their treason ➔ Within 30 days from the opening of every or political offense regular session, the President shall submit to ALL CONTENTS FROM THIS REVIEWER ARE SOURCED FROM THE LECTURES OF DR. LORENA C. VALERIO, LPT, DPP. THIS REVIEWER IS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND NOT A LECTURE EQUIVALENT.  Congress a budget or expenditures and ➔ 1945-1948 sources of financing, including receipts from ◆ At the end of WW2 existing and proposed revenue measures. ◆ Allied Forces organized a global ➔ Congress may not increase the appropriation union to prevent another global recommended by the President for the conflict Operation of the government as specified in ◆ Founded United Nations (UN), ICC, the budget. ASEAN, NATO, then EU The countries who are a part Informing Power of these surrender a part of ➔ The President shall address Congress at the their powers opening of its regular session. For UN, stated in their By-Laws, internal sovereignty State of the Nation Address (SONA) is outside of their jurisdiction ➔ Happens every 4th monday of July. Political Globalization Concerns Independence of the President ➔ Security and Military ➔ Can only be removed by impeachment. ◆ Terrorism ➔ Salary may not be increased or decreased Since borders between during his term of office. certain countries are open ➔ His executive actions cannot be supervised ◆ Organized Crime by the courts. ➔ UN Security Council ➔ He cannot be sued. ◆ 5 Permanent Members 1. China 2. Russia 3. United Kingdom LESSON 9: Globalization 4. United States 5. France Globalization ◆ 10 non-permanent members ➔ Integration of world’s products, ideas and ◆ Should one of the permanent technology members disagree, a resolution will ➔ Integrates politically, economically, culturally not push through ➔ Whole world becomes a smaller state to ➔ NATO push communication, coordination, and ◆ Military organization integration ◆ Started in Cold war, during the fight of ideologies in USA vs Russia Political Developments ◆ Instrument in the Balkan Crisis and ➔ 1920s War against Iraq and Afghanistan ◆ Creation of Leage of Nations to ◆ Has 21 member nations that all has an promote peace and security army, except for Iceland ◆ After the WW1 ALL CONTENTS FROM THIS REVIEWER ARE SOURCED FROM THE LECTURES OF DR. LORENA C. VALERIO, LPT, DPP. THIS REVIEWER IS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND NOT A LECTURE EQUIVALENT.  ◆ Main principle is collective defense, hence why Ukraine wanted to join Advantages and Disadvantages ➔ Erosion of natural sovreignty and borders ADVANTAGES Economic Globalization ➔ Growing trade and financial relations ➔ Free trade ➔ Reduction and removal of trade barriers ➔ More employment ➔ Creation of regional trade blocs, common ➔ Peaceful Relations markets, free trade ➔ Education ◆ North American Free Trade ◆ Numerous educational institutions ➔ GDP Increase Agreement (NAFTA): Canada, USA, ◆ More products will be sold Mexico ◆ More tax = higher income ◆ Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC): 21 countries in the Pacific DISADVANTAGES rim ➔ Promotion of Corporatist agenda as per Cultural Globalization anti-globalism activists ◆ Ideology that believes that each group ➔ Transmission of ideas and integration from should protect its own advocacy multi-sectoral societies ➔ Health Issues because of reduction of national ➔ Exchanging of multiculturalism wherein both borders can benefit from ➔ Loss of Culture ➔ Negative results are: ◆ Embracing other cultures more ◆ Reduction in diversity ◆ Losing traditional culture ◆ Assimilation: embracing the culture ◆ Kpop of another country ➔ Uneven Wealth Distribution ◆ Hybridization: creation of new culture ◆ Rich gets richer and erasure of traditional culture ◆ Poor gets poorer ◆ Imported goods > local goods ◆ Westernization ➔ Environment Degradation ◆ Americanization ◆ Opening own resources for others to ◆ Sinosization use ➔ May be done through the means of ➔ Disparity migration ◆ Wide disparity between developed ➔ Appreciation of each other cultures and developing countries ➔ Conflicts Globalization in the Philippines ◆ Opening borders so terrorism can ➔ We started participating when we signed enter into the country agreements with World Trade Organization ➔ Cut=throat Competition ◆ Intense competition between in 1995 imported goods and local goods ➔ Considered as effective because of more ◆ labor and foreign companies ALL CONTENTS FROM THIS REVIEWER ARE SOURCED FROM THE LECTURES OF DR. LORENA C. VALERIO, LPT, DPP. THIS REVIEWER IS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND NOT A LECTURE EQUIVALENT.  Noted by: QUIZ LUCY MAE ALVAREZ President QUESTIONS CHOICES UST-SHS HUMSS Society 1. The fundamental law of A. Amendment MYLES ALFONSO the land. B. Graft Executive Associate to the President 2. Implemented throughout UST-SHS HUMSS Society the country. C. Amnesty 3. use of public funds for D. Constitution MARY ALLYSSA NON personal gain Director, Academics Committee E. National Laws 4. It is to change some UST-SHS HUMSS Society parts of the constitution. ARIANNA MONTES 5. A general pardon to Co-Director, Academics Committee rebels for their treason or political offense. UST-SHS HUMSS Society ANSWER SHEET 1. D 2. E 3. B 4. A 5. C Other References: (2024). Britannica.com. https://cdn.britannica.com/26/241726-050-F 69956E0/political-spectrum.jpg ALL CONTENTS FROM THIS REVIEWER ARE SOURCED FROM THE LECTURES OF DR. LORENA C. VALERIO, LPT, DPP. THIS REVIEWER IS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND NOT A LECTURE EQUIVALENT.