Frog Anatomy Workbook PDF

Frog Anatomy Workbook (accompanies 3D Frog Anatomy app by Biosphera)  Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. Do not make copies and/or distribute the material contained in this document without explicit, written permission. ...

Frog Anatomy Workbook (accompanies 3D Frog Anatomy app by Biosphera)  Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. Do not make copies and/or distribute the material contained in this document without explicit, written permission.  Contents Learning Objectives........................................................................ 4 Getting To Know 3D Frog Anatomy........................................... 6 Digestive system............................................................................ 16 Musculoskeletal system............................................................... 30 Respiratory system........................................................................ 34 Circulatory system......................................................................... 44 Urinary system............................................................................... 50 Endocrine system.......................................................................... 56 Nervous system............................................................................. 64 Similarities between frogs and humans.................................... 68 Extra study questions................................................................... 69 Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 3  Learning Objectives Explain how key anatomical features help frogs in their natural environments Describe the major body systems of frogs and their major organs Explain the function of each major organ Explain how major body systems in frogs work together to create whole, functioning organisms 4 Introducing the Frog! Frogs are amphibians, so they spend time in both water and on land. Keep this in mind when we are looking at the inner workings of the frog! In this lab, we will be taking a look at different body systems in the frog: Musculoskeletal Respiratory Circulatory Urinary Endocrine Nervous & Sensory Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 5 Getting To Know 3D Frog Anatomy By: Biosphera The app is available for iPads, Android tablets and desktop: www.biosphera.com Lets get comfortable with the app! Take a few minutes to explore the app. Press buttons, move the model around, and touch/hold the organs… See what happens! Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 6  Choose your language Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 7  Adjust for dark or light screen Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 8  Choose a male or female frog Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 9  Use these buttons to zoom in and out Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 10  Use these buttons to move your frog up, down, left or right Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 11  Use these buttons to rotate your frog in different directions Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 12  Each grey body system button displays small dots Use these to indicate the number of layers you can click buttons to through. select Try starting with the skin which body layer and you'll notice that systems the number of dots goes you want to down as the skin layers are focus on removed. You can do this for each body system. Use this function to focus on one body system at a time. Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 13  Here's what your frog should look like when you click the SKIN button ONCE Notice how the SKIN button now only has one set of dots, instead of two Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 14  One More Thing! When you see a “system” button" noted in this workbook like this: :: Skeleton :: Respiratory make sure your app has the same buttons, and layers showing. Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 15  Digestive System 16 Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. Digestive System - External Anatomy : Skeleton Turn off all other body systems and focus on these :: Digestive Rotate your frog and zoom in so that the head is visible Hover your pointer over the teeth to show the labels Can you label the image? Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 17 Teeth Frogs' teeth are not used for chewing! Instead, their special vomerine teeth (shown as 'premaxillary teeth" on the frog anatomy app) are used to hold prey in place before swallowing. The vomerine teeth are notably pointy and appear in pairs of tiny clusters at the top front of the mouth. Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 18  Food travels down esophagus towards stomach : Skeleton :: Digestive Rotate your frog so you are looking at the ventral view (put your frog on their back), zoom in as needed. After mechanical and chemical digestion in the mouth, the chewed food (called a bolus) is swallowed The bolus then enters the esophagus. Muscle contractions called peristalsis push food along towards the stomach. Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 19 Stomach Location: dorsal and posterior to the liver Structure: muscular organ Function: muscular organ that continues the chemical and mechanical digestion that started in the mouth Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 20  The food travels to the small intestines from the stomach through the pyloric sphincter Find the small intestine on your frog Can you label it on the image? Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 21 Small Intestine Location: slender coiled tube, starting at the stomach, and connects to the large intestine Structure: consists of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, supported and wrapped by a membrane of mesentery Function: receives food from stomach Completes digestion started earlier Most food absorption and chemical digestion occurs here SMALL INTESTINE Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 22  Intestinal Villi You won't see villi on the 3D Frog Anatomy App, but they are there - we promise! What lines the internal surface of the small intestine and what is its function? Villi Increase absorptive surface of the small intestine Higher surface area, more area for absorption Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 23 Large Intestine & Cloaca The large intestine runs between the small intestine and the cloaca LARGE INTESTINE CLOACA Rotate your frog as needed to explore the large intestine and cloaca The cloaca is the one exit hole for liquid waste, solid waste, sperm and eggs! Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 24 Large Intestine Structure: consists of descending colon and rectum Muscular contractions in large intestine initiate defecation Function: storage of undigested materials that have passed through the small intestine Reabsorbs water from food Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 25 Liver Location: ventral & anterior to the stomach Structure: dark red/brown wedge-shaped organ with 3 lobes Function: multipurpose organ Produces bile Removes toxins Stores carbs Regulates blood sugar levels LIVER Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 26 Pancreas Location: dorsal to stomach, wrapped in the duodenum Structure: flattened gland found in between stomach and small intestine Function: produces 2 major secretions 1) digestive enzymes: responsible for breakdown of fats, carbs, and proteins 2) insulin: a hormone which allows cells to absorb glucose PANCREAS Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 27  Spleen Finally, let us locate the spleen It is a bean- shaped, red, organ found on the right side of the frog's body. It's not part of the digestive system, The spleen removes however it is old blood cells and SPLEEN nestled in with the break them down. digestive organs. Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 28  Review Break With your group, trace the path of food through the digestive system. Name all the different structures the food passes through from the moment a frog takes a bite, to the moment it poops! Choose one person to explain it to the class. Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 29 Musculoskeletal System 30 Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020.  Bones Turn off all other body :: Skeleton systems and focus on the skeleton Use your 3D Frog Anatomy app to label all the bones on this frog skeleton Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 31 Muscles Turn off all other body ::::: Muscle systems and focus on the muscles Use your 3D Frog Anatomy app to label the muscles on the image...feel free to peel back deeper layers and explore deeper muscles in the app! Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 32  Review Break With your group write down the names of three major muscles and three major bones in the musculoskeletal system of the frog. Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 33 Respiratory System 34 Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. Different Types of Respiration in Frogs Gills > during tadpole stage, then disappear as they mature Skin or Cutaneous Bucco-pharyngeal > through the mouth Pulmonary > through lungs Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 35 Cutaneous Respiration What makes it possible for frogs to "breathe" through their skin? Many blood capillaries Respiration takes place through the skin Thin skin with no Occurs in water and structures to block during periods of low metabolism/demand diffusion of oxygen for oxygen Skin absorbs oxygen Secretion of mucus dissolved in water to always keep skin through blood moist capillaries Cant occur if skin is dry Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 36 Bucco-pharyngeal Respiration : Skeleton ::: Muscle Locate the pterygoid and sternohyoid muscles What is the function of these Respiration occurs muscles? through lining of the mouth They aid in the up Lining is very moist and down movement and capillary rich of the buccal cavity Why is this during respiration needed? Can you label them on the HINT: Think about why the image? skin stays moist so frogs can breathe through their skin Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 37 Bucco-pharyngeal Respiration Inhale Floor of the mouth lowers on inhale Air enters buccal cavity through external nares Exhale Gas exchange occurs Floor of buccal cavity raises on exhale Air escapes through external nares Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 38 Pulmonary Respiration Turn off all other body : Skeleton systems and focus on these :: Respiratory Locate the larynx Lungs and lungs Location: chest cavity Can you label them on Structure: large, spongy the image? expandable organ Function: the site of gas exchange between the respiratory and circulatory systems Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 39 Pulmonary Respiration In most mammals, the diaphragm pushes and pulls on the lungs to help inhale and exhale. How do you think frogs do this? Lungs Frogs have no diaphragm Location: chest cavity Structure: large, spongy They use the same mechanism expandable organ in bucco- pharyngeal respiration that brings in and expels air to and Function: the site of gas from the buccal cavity. exchange between the respiratory and circulatory systems Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 40  Glottis opens and air travels down the trachea (a small nodule in frogs rather than a long Trachea tube) Air moves into each lung through the divided branches of the bronchial tube Bronchial Within the lungs, it branches further into bronchioles tube Tiny thin walled sacs are on the end of the Bronchioles bronchioles, called alveoli Site of oxygen exchange Alveoli Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 41 Most animals breath using negative pressure breathing FUN FACT! Frogs don’t have a diaphragm so they create a negative pressure gradients using their mouth and throat sack. Gases move from high pressure areas to low pressure areas How is this different in animals like frogs? Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 42  Review Break With your group, trace the path of air from the moment it is breathed in through the nose or mouth, to the moment it is exhaled (focus just on pulmonary breathing). Choose one person to explain it to the class. Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 43 Circulatory System 44 Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020.  : Skeleton Turn off all other body systems and focus on these :: Circulatory Locate the frog's heart Locate the aorta (red) Heart and the vena cava Location: centre of the (blue) chest, nestled between the two lungs Can you label them on the image? Structure: strong muscular organ with three chambers (x2 atria, x1 ventricles) Function: pumps blood to lungs and the rest of the body through strong rhythmic contractions Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 45 Do arteries always carry oxygenated blood and the veins deoxygenated blood? No, there are TWO exceptions, but arteries always carry blood away from the heart, and veins always carry blood towards the heart The pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein are the exceptions. Can you locate them and label them on the image? Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 46  For this more detailed view of the heart, we're The Heart using screenshots from the Emantras Virtual Frog Dissection. RIGHT ATRIUM RIGHT ATRIUM LEFT ATRIUM SINOUS VENOSUS TRUNCUS ARTERIOSUS VENTRICLE VENTRICLE Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 47 Blood Flow Through The Heart The caudal, inferior The left ventricle and superior vena pumps oxygenated cava vessels carry blood out to the body deoxygenated blood via the aorta to the right atrium. Blood is then Blood is then pumped pumped from the from the left atrium to right atrium to the the ventricle ventricle Blood is pumped from the right ventricle out Pulmonary veins carry to the pulmonary oxygenated blood arteries, which carry back to the heart and the blood to the lungs into the left atrium to receive oxygen. Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 48  Review Break With your group, trace the path of blood as it flows through the heart, to the lungs, and back again. Choose one person to explain it to the class. Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 49  Urinary System See Endocrine System for details of reproductive organs 50 Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020.  The Kidneys Turn off all other body : Skeleton systems and focus on these ::: Urogenital Locate the kidneys Kidneys found embedded in the fat in the dorsal body Location: high in wall abdominal cavity, one on each side of the spine Find the other Structure: bean-shaped, endocrine organ called surrounded by tough the adrenal glands on fibrous tissue the surface of each Function: removes kidney nitrogenous wastes (eg. urea/urine) from the Can you label them blood & maintains on the image? osmolality (salt balance) in blood Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 51  Note: the ureter is labeled as the archinephric duct in the Frog Anatomy app Locate the ureter and urinary bladder Can you label them on the image? The urinary bladder empties into the cloaca Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 52 Ureter Location: a vessel running between the kidneys and the urinary bladder Structure: thin tube Function: carries excretory products produced by the kidneys Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 53 Urinary Bladder Location: connected to the ureter and urethra Structure: sac-like structure Function: stores urine produced by kidneys and releases it into the cloaca Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 54  Review Break With your group, trace the path of urine from the kidneys to the outside of the body Choose one person to explain it to the class. Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 55  Endocrine System 56 Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. Pancreas : Skeleton Turn off all other body systems and focus on these :: Digestive Pancreas Location: near stomach in abdominal cavity Function: produces insulin (which reduces blood sugar) and glucagon (which increases blood sugar). Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 58 Adrenal Glands : Skeleton Turn off all other body systems and focus on these :: Urogenital Adrenals Location: anterior end of kidneys Function: produce adrenaline and corticosterone (the stress hormone - called cortisol in humans) Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 59 Testes : Skeleton Turn off all other body systems and focus on these :: Urogenital Testes Location: in the abdominal cavity of male frogs Function: produce testosterone - male sex hormone, and produce sperm. Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 60 Ovaries : Skeleton Turn off all other body systems and focus on these :: Urogenital Ovaries Location: in the abdominal cavity of female frogs Function: produce estrogen and progesterone - female sex hormones, and produce eggs Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 61 Pituitary and Hypothalamus : Skeleton Turn off all other body systems and focus on these :: Nervous Pituitary Hypothalamus Location: the underside of Location: the underside of the frog brain the frog brain Function: The pituitary Function: The gland controls the hypothalamus produces a function of most other variety of hormones that endocrine glands and is are responsible for body therefore sometimes temperature, hunger, called the master gland. It moods and the release of produces a wide variety of hormones from other different hormones that glands; and also controls influence other endocrine thirst and sleep. glands. Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 62  Review Break With your group, draw an outline of a frog's body, and then add in the major endocrine glands. Choose one person to explain these to the class. Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 63  Nervous System 64 Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020.  Central Nervous System : Skeleton Turn off all other body systems and focus on these :: Nervous Locate the brain and spinal cord Brain Can you label them Location: in the skull on the image? Structure: about the size of a small peanut, Use the app to smooth surface, packed with neurons. label more features of the nervous Function: the frog's system! central information processor! Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 65 Nerves Dendrite Nerves are bundles of Nucleus neurons (like the one Cell body pictured to the right) that Axon transmit electrical "nerve impulses". Nerve impulses are part of a special information system in the Schwann cell body. For example, when (myelin sheath) you touch something warm Node of Ranvier with your hand, the nerves in your hand transmit the information about temperature to your brain, Direction which then translates that of impulse into your feeling of "warmth" in your hand. Axon terminal Pretty cool, eh?! Synapse Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 66  Review Break With your group, try to draw the major features of the frog nervous system - include the brain, spinal cord, and some nerves. Can you name some of the nerves? With your group, draw a single nerve cell (neuron) - try to label it Choose one person to explain these to the class. Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 67 Identify Some Key Similarities and Differences Between Frogs and Humans FROG HUMAN Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 68 EXTRA STUDY QUESTIONS: 1. How does oxygen get into the bloodstream? How do the respiratory and circulatory systems connect with each other? 2. How do nutrients from the frog’s food get into the bloodstream? How do the digestive and circulatory systems connect with each other? 3. How are harmful substances filtered from the blood? How do the circulatory and digestive/urinary systems connect with each other? 4. How do hormones interact with other body systems? 5. How do the nervous and musculoskeletal systems interact with each other? Elisabeth Ormandy, 2020. 69  Thank you for choosing these materials to support your anatomy adventures! These Humane Science Education materials were developed by Elisabeth Ormandy for the Canadian Society for Humane Science (2015-2022) working to achieve better science without animals. By choosing these unit plans, you have joined a growing family of Humane Science Educators! We gratefully acknowledge the support of the following funders of this Humane Science Education Program: The Robert and Judith Clark Foundation THE MCLEAN Foundation