Frog Anatomy and Physiology PDF

Kidney  Kidney→ Ureter→ Urinary Bladder→ Cloaca   Testes→ Vasa efferentia→ Urinogenital duct→ Cloaca. Ovaries→ Oviduct→ Uterus → Cloaca CARDI VASCULAR SYSTEM  Blood vessels heart blood  Functions: 1. Transports nutrients, gases,...

Kidney  Kidney→ Ureter→ Urinary Bladder→ Cloaca   Testes→ Vasa efferentia→ Urinogenital duct→ Cloaca. Ovaries→ Oviduct→ Uterus → Cloaca CARDI VASCULAR SYSTEM  Blood vessels heart blood  Functions: 1. Transports nutrients, gases, waste, & hormones 2. Protects the body from infection & blood loss 3. Thermoregulation Anatomy of the heart  DEFINITION OF TERMS Anterior Vena Cava - Large vein that carries blood Right Atrium - Chamber of the frog's heart which from the anterior part of the body toward the receives blood from the sinus venosus. heart. Posterior Vena Cava - Large vein that carries blood Left Atrium - The chamber of the heart that from the posterior part of the body towards the receives blood from the lungs. heart. Pulmonary Veins - The blood vessels that carry Sinus Venosus - Sac that receives blood from the blood form the lungs to the left atrium. vena cava Ventricle - Chamber of a frog’s heart that pumps Pulmonary artery- delivers deoxygenated blood to blood out of the heart to the lungs and other parts the lungs for oxygenation of the body. Truncus Arteriosis - Large artery in a frog that Pulmonary vein- oxygenated blood from the lungs carries blood away from the ventricle into branches and delivers it back to the heart for distribution that lead to all parts of the body. throughout the body.  CHAMBERS OF THE HEART Upper Chambers Lower Chamber  VALVES OF THE HEART atrio-ventricular valves – thin flaps between the atria and ventricle semilunar valves – flaps that open into the conus arteriosus ANATOMY OF HEART ANATOMY OF HEART ANATOMY OF HEART Blood flow through the heart BLOOD BLOOD FLOW FLOW THROUGH THE ❤ THROUGH THE ❤ MAJOR ARTERIES & VEINS OF THE BODY  VENOUS SYSTEM Sinus venosus - a thin triangular sac receives deoxygenated blood from different parts of the body. Precavae (anterior venae cavae) - are big veins originating from the anterior right and left border of the sinus venosus. Postcava (posterior vena cava) is a large unpaired vein located on the posterior end of the sinus venosus. Hepatic portal vein - can be seen by gently deflecting the left lobe of the liver and lightly scratching the substance of the pancreas to expose it. Renal portal veins - are separately located on the lateral margin of each kidney.. ARTERIAL SYSTEM Conus arteriosus - on the ventral side of the heart is a cone-shaped or bulb-shaped structure located between the auricles (atria). Truncus Arteriosus- Large artery in a frog that carries blood away from the ventricle into branches that lead to all parts of the body.  FROG’S NERVOUS SYSTEM Prepared by: Ms. Jody M. Benedicto, LPT, MSc http://www.scholarslabs.com/wp-content/uploads/Frog-nervous-system.jpg 30 OBJECTIVES ▹ Identify the major parts of the brain of the frog. ▹ Give the two main divisions of nervous system ▹ Describe the major functions of the parts of the brain. 33 PARTS OF FROG’s BRAIN 34 PARTS OF FROG’s BRAIN midbrain ▹Forebrain (prosencephalon) telencephalo ▹cerebrum- the thinking center ▹Diencephalon-processing sensory n information ▹Midbrain (mesencephalon) ▹optic lobes -coordinating responses Olfactory bulb to visual inputs Cerebellum 35 ▹Hindbrain (rhombencephalon) ▹Cerebellum -depressed ridge immediately posterior to the optic lobes ▹Medulla oblongata - inverted triangle that tapers posteriorly ▹Cranial Nerves - nerves that lead to and from the brain. 36 PARTS OF FROG’s CNS ▹Spinal cord – linking the brain to most parts of the body ▹Olfactory Lobe - part of the frog’s brain associated with the sense of smell ▹Ventricles– cavities of brain and spinal cord filled with cerebrospinal fluid Tapus na pu. tnx,.  EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF FROG https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5f6ab730f60060001bd869f3/cell-structure-and-function-1 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stratified_cuboidal_epithelium_animated.gif  Dorsal—the back or upper surface of an organism Ventral—the stomach or lower surface of an organism Anterior—head end of an organism Posterior—tail end of an organism The sex of a frog may be determined externally by examining the thumb pads on the front feet. The thumb pads of males are enlarged at the base as in the drawing on the right.  Nictitating Membrane - a transparent part of a frog’s lower eyelid that moves over the eye to clean it and protect it. Cloaca - opening which undigested food, urine, eggs, and sperm are passed. Vocal Sacs - the flexible membrane of skin possessed by most male frogs.  Nictating Membrane Frontal Membrane Nictitating Membrane - A transparent part of a frog’s lower eyelid that moves over the eye to clean it and protect it. External nares or nostrils - Anterior openings for the entry or exit of air. Tympanic Membrane - The eardrum - receives sound waves Tympanic External Membrane Nares  Internal Nares Maxillary Teeth Vomerine Teeth Esophagus Glottis - The opening from the mouth into the Glottis respiratory system Maxillary Teeth - Sharp teeth in the maxilla of a frog's mouth that function in holding captured prey. Vomerine Teeth - Small projections in the top of a frog’s mouth that function in holding and captured prey. Eustachian tube openings - Openings in the mouth that lead to tubes that connect to the middle ear to equalize air pressure Tongue Eustachian tube opening MUSCLES OF THE FROG TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE  HOW SKELETAL MUSCLES ARE NAMED HOW SKELETAL MUSCLES ARE NAMED Frog Dorsal View Frog Dorsal View Temporalis External oblique Longissimus dorsi External oblique Latissimus dorsi Depressor mandibulae Frog Dorsal View Longissimus dorsi Coccygeosacralis Coccygeoiliacus Frog Ventral View 7. Deltoid 9. Pectoralis 13. Linea alba 20. Triceps femoris 21. Adductor magnus 22. Sartorius 24. Gracilis major 25. Gracilis minor 26. Gastrocnemius 27. Tendon of Achilles 30. Mylohoid MUSCLES OF NECK & CHEST Mylohyoid Median raphe Deltoid Sternoradialis Anterior pectoralis Posterior pectoralis Middle pectoralis Frog Shoulder Lateral View 4. Masseter 5. Depressor mandibularis 6. Dorsalis scapulae 10. Latissimus dorsi Frog Shoulder Lateral View 2. Pterygoideus 4. Masseter 5. Depressor mandibularis 6. Dorsalis scapulae 7. Deltoid 10. Latissimus dorsi HIND LIMB Triceps femoris Biceps femoris Triceps femoris Gracili Semimembranosus s Sartorius minor Adductor magnus Tibialis Gracilis major posticus HIND LIMB Gastrocnemius Tendon of Achilles Peroneus Tibialis anticus Legs Lateral Muscles 17. Gluteus 18. Piriformis 20. Triceps femoris 25. Gracilis minor 26. Gastrocnemius 27. Tendon of Achilles 28. Semimembranous 29. Biceps femoris Medial Leg Muscles (deep) Sartorius (cut) Adductor longus (cut) Triceps femoris Adductor magnus Gracilis major Gracilis minor 12. Rectus abdominis Semitendinosus (double 14. External oblique belly) 19. Adductor longus 20. Triceps femoris 21. Adductor magnus 22. Sartorius 23. Semitendinosus 24. Gracilis major 26. Gastrocnemius 28.Semimebranosus  BIO1204 GENERAL ZOOLOGY (LABORATORY) THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Prepared by: Ms. Jody M. Benedicto, LPT, MSc Topic Outline on Skeletal Axial Skeleton Skull Hyoid Bone Vertebral Column Appendicular Skeleton Thoracic Cage Pectoral Girdles Upper Limb Pelvic Girdle Lower Limb TODAY'S DISCUSSION  FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/6-1-the-functions-of-the-skeletal-system/  CELLS IN BONE TISSUES Tortora, G.J. & Derrickson, B. (2017). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology: 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ePUB ISBN 978-1-119-32064-7.  DIVISION OF SKELETAL SYSTEM Axial Skeleton Skull Hyoid Bone Vertebral Column Thoracic Cage Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral Girdles Pelvic Girdle Upper Limb Lower Limb SKELETAL SYSTEM Skull Vertebrae Pectoral Girdle & Sternum Pelvic Girdle Lower jaw Hindlimb Forelimb ANATOMICAL TERMS OF BONES OVERVIEW SKELETAL SYSTEM OF FROG  SKULL Dorsal View of the Skull Orbit nasal bones frontoparietals foramen magnum exoccipital occipital condyles Olfactory premaxillae capsule maxillae quadratojugals Internal Ventral View of the Skull nares vomers palatines parasphenoid SKULL Premaxillary process Otic capsule Occipital condyles Foramen magnum Maxillary teeth Maxillary arch VISCERAL SKELETON the upper and lower jaws hyoid apparatus Odontoid process the cartilages that support the ventral wall of the larynx or voice box. Angulo-spenial dentary Mento-meckelian Lower Jaw VERTEBRAL COLUMN The first vertebra or atlas transverse processes vertebral column urostyle Neural spine Transverse process posterior Vertebral foramen Centrum anterior  TYPICAL VERTEBRA Typical vertebra Atlas Neural spine Neural spine Postzygapophysis Postzygapophysis Concavities for articulation with occipital condyle Prezygapophysis Centrum Urostyle Sacral Carina or keel Vertebral Centrum foramen Concavities for Prominence of centrum articulation with sacral vertebra PECTORAL GIRDLE & STERNUM episternum Clavicle omosternum Suprascapula Epicoracoid coracoid scapula cartillage Xiphisternum Xiphoid cartillage Fenestra coracoid Glenoid fossa PELVIC GIRDLE illium illium acetabulum ischium Pubis Post-pubis cartillage BONES OF FORELIMBS Humerus Radio-ulna Deltoid ridge Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges MEME TIME! BONES OF Trochlea HINDLIMBS Tibio-fibula Tarsals Head of femur Femur Tibio-fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Tarsals metatarsals  COLORING OF SKELETON https://www.mramphibian.com/frog-skeleton/ THANK YOU! Do you have any questions?  MUSCULAR SYSTEM Prepared by: Ms. Jody M. Benedicto, LPT, MSc https://www.elephango.com/images/RCLG/12636-basics-of-the-muscular-system-full.jpeg https://gumlet.assettype.com/carolina%2F2020-07%2Fb639409c-2d69-4693-aa07-d7f1fde6b65b%2Fshutterstock_247631059_2048x1864.jpg?w=1200&auto=format%2Ccompress&ogImage=true  MEME TIME! 22  FUNCTIONS & PROPERTIES OF MUSCLE 23 FUNCTIONS: PROPERTIES: ▹ Producing body movements ▹ Stabilizing body positions ▹ Storing and moving substances within the body ▹ Generating heat https://image.slidesharecdn.com/propertiesofskeletalmuscle-180928130909/95/properties-of-skeletal-muscle-31-638.jpg?cb=1538140258  TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE 24 Seeley, R., Stephens, T. & Tate, P. (2006). Anatomy and Physiology: 6th Edition. The McGraw−Hill Companies. ISBN-13: 978-0073228051  HOW SKELETAL MUSCLES ARE NAMED HOW SKELETAL MUSCLES ARE NAMED MUSCLES ATTACHMENT Origin- the attachment of a muscle’s tendon to the stationary bone Insertion- the attachment of the muscle’s other tendon to the movable bone. Action-are the main movements that occur when the muscle contracts Frog Dorsal View Frog Dorsal View Temporalis External oblique Longissimus dorsi External oblique Latissimus dorsi Depressor mandibulae Frog Dorsal View Longissimus dorsi Coccygeosacralis Coccygeoiliacus Frog Ventral View 7. Deltoid 9. Pectoralis 13. Linea alba 20. Triceps femoris 21. Adductor magnus 22. Sartorius 24. Gracilis major 25. Gracilis minor 26. Gastrocnemius 27. Tendon of Achilles 30. Mylohoid MUSCLES OF NECK & CHEST Mylohyoid Median raphe Deltoid Sternoradialis Anterior pectoralis Posterior pectoralis Middle pectoralis Frog Shoulder Lateral View 4. Masseter 5. Depressor mandibularis 6. Dorsalis scapulae 10. Latissimus dorsi Frog Shoulder Lateral View 2. Pterygoideus 4. Masseter 5. Depressor mandibularis 6. Dorsalis scapulae 7. Deltoid 10. Latissimus dorsi HIND LIMB Triceps femoris Biceps femoris Triceps femoris Gracili Semimembranosus s Sartorius minor Adductor magnus Tibialis Gracilis major posticus HIND LIMB Gastrocnemius Tendon of Achilles Peroneus Tibialis anticus Legs Lateral Muscles 17. Gluteus 18. Piriformis 20. Triceps femoris 25. Gracilis minor 26. Gastrocnemius 27. Tendon of Achilles 28. Semimembranous 29. Biceps femoris Medial Leg Muscles (deep) Sartorius (cut) Adductor longus (cut) Triceps femoris Adductor magnus Gracilis major Gracilis minor 12. Rectus abdominis Semitendinosus (double 14. External oblique belly) 19. Adductor longus 20. Triceps femoris 21. Adductor magnus 22. Sartorius 23. Semitendinosus 24. Gracilis major 26. Gastrocnemius 28.Semimebranosus THANK YOU! Dissection Materials No. of pcs. Lab Gown Individual Laboratory Kit Dissecting Kit 2 packs (14 pcs set) (GROUP) per group and blades Dissecting Tray 1 pc. with paraffin wax Nitrile Gloves 1 box Lysol Disinfectant Spray (Blue) 1pc. 18 Oz Alcohol (Spray) 1pc. 500 mL Tissue and Wet Wipes 1 pack Trash bag Large Size Scratch Papers/Newspapers Size of Table Plastic Cover Size of Table Liquid Soap and Sponges 1pc. Tape and Marker 1pc. Storage Box 1pc. Jar / Storage Bottle 1pc. https://shopee.com.my/%F0%9F%94%A5-TRANSPARENT-STORAGE-BOX-SMALL-CONTAINER-i.12876914.6755273419 https://www.watsons.com.ph/disinfectant-spray-crisp-linen-510g/p/BP_10093473  FROG’S DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Prepared by: Ms. Jody M. Benedicto, LPT, MSc 1 https://pediaa.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/How-is-the-Frog-Digestive-System-Different-from-Humans_Figure-1.png  Date Event/ Tasks Apr. 17 (Mon) Lab 5 External Anatomy Lab 6 Muscular System Apr. 27 (Thu) Lab 7 Digestive and Respiratory System Apr. 24 (Mon) Lab 8 Urogenital, Circulatory and Nervous System Apr. 27 (Thu) Deadline of Lab 5 and 6 via Canvas May 1 (Mon) Holiday May 4 (Thu) Deadline of Lab 7 and 8 via Canvas May 8 (Mon) PRACTICAL EXAM May 11(Thu) Remedial of Practical Exam May 15 (Mon) FINAL EXAM May 22-26 GRADE ENCODING 3 OBJECTIVES ▹ Describing the overall function of the digestive system ▹ List down the sections of the digestive tract. ▹ Identify the accessory organs and structures necessary in the process of digestion.  OVERVIEW OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 4  INTERNAL PARTS OF THE MOUTH 5 ▹ Tongue – attached at front of mouth. Extends to catch insects. ▹ Maxillary teeth– around the upper edge of the jaw; function in holding captured prey. ▹ Vomerine teeth– small projections in the top of a frog’s mouth that function in holding and captured prey. ▹ Eustachian tube– openings in the mouth that lead to tubes that connect to the middle ear to equalize air pressure  INTERNAL PARTS OF THE MOUTH 6 ▹ Glottis– opening at back of mouth leads to lungs; gas exchange ▹ Esophagus– tube that connects the mouth to the stomach ▹ Eye sockets– on top part of mouth; Helps push food down the throat ▹ Internal Nares– on top of mouth; allow gases in and out 7 INCISION GUIDE FOR FROGS  When you open your frog and see this.. 8 ▹ Percardial cavity– (anterior) containing the heart ▹ Pleuroperitoneal cavity-– (posterior) housing the lungs and other internal organs or viscera ▹ Parietal peritoneum– a glistening membrane in the inner side of the muscular body wall Anterior abdominal vein  DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 9 ▹Liver– secretes bile and processes digested food molecules ▹Gallbladder– sac that stores bile  DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 10 ▹Stomach– stores food and mixes it with enzymes to begin digestion ▹Fat bodies– masses of fat needed for hibernating and mating-  DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 11 ▹Small intestine– digests and absorption of digested food ▹Large intestine– stores undigested food ▹Mesentery– a fold of membrane that attaches the intestine to the abdominal wall and holds it in place  DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 12 ▹Spleen– organ in the circulatory system that makes, stores, and destroys blood cells ▹Pancreas– secretes digestive enzymes  DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 13  FROG’S RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Prepared by: Ms. Jody M. Benedicto, LPT, MSc 14 https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/xb6APKOrCvrz24yL6F4eir1m53o=/735x0/respiratory_system-578d72f73df78c09e96906ff.jpg 15 OBJECTIVES ▹ Identify the structures involved in respiration. ▹ State the main function of each respiratory structure. ▹ Describe the flow of air during the frog’s respiration.  OVERVIEW OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 16 17 OVERVIEW OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 18 MEME TIME! 19 RESPIRATION IN FROGS ▹A frog has 3 surfaces on its body that it uses to exchange gas with the surroundings which is its skin, lungs, and the lining of the mouth.  PARTS OF RESPIRATORY Nictating Membrane 20 Frontal Membrane ▹External nares or nostrils– Anterior openings for the entry or exit of air Tympanic Membrane External Nares ▹Glottis– the slit-like opening at the posterior region of the pharynx ▹Eustachian tube – openings in the mouth that lead to tubes. 21 PARTS OF RESPIRATORY ▹Larynx– voice box ▹Bronchus– extremely short tube connected to the lungs ▹Lungs–membranous sacs lined by small air pockets called alveoli 22 OVERVIEW OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM  Date Event/ Tasks Apr. 17 (Mon) Lab 5 External Anatomy Lab 6 Muscular System Apr. 27 (Thu) Lab 7 Digestive and Respiratory System Apr. 24 (Mon) Lab 8 Urogenital, Circulatory and Nervous System Apr. 27 (Thu) Deadline of Lab 5 and 6 via Canvas May 1 (Mon) Holiday May 4 (Thu) Deadline of Lab 7 and 8 via Canvas May 8 (Mon) PRACTICAL EXAM May 11(Thu) Remedial of Practical Exam May 15 (Mon) FINAL EXAM May 22-26 GRADE ENCODING