Human Physiology One Page Short Notes PDF

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DIGESTION & ABSORBTION  CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND INTEGRATION 1) THE HYPOTHALAMUS 3) Pineal gland X  A hypothalamic hormone called Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the  The pineal gland is located on the dorsal side of pituitary synthesis and release of forebrain. Pineal secretes a hormone called gonadotrophins. melatonin.  On the other hand, somatostatin from the  Melatonin plays a very important role in the hypothalamus inhibits the release of growth regulation of a 24-hour (diurnal) rhythm of our hormone from the pituitary body.  The posterior pituitary is under the direct neural regulation of the hypothalamus 4) THYMUS 2) PITUITARY GLAND The thymus gland is a lobular structure located between lungs behind sternum on the ventral side Aenohypophysis Neurohypophysis of aorta Oxytocin Pars Distalis Pars Intermedia Vasopressin The thymus plays a major role in the development of the immune system. This gland secretes the peptide hormones called thymosins. MSH Growth hormone (GH), Thymosins play a major role in the Prolactin (PRL), differentiation of T-lymphocytes, which provide Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), cell-mediated immunity Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), Luteinizing hormone (LH) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 5) THYROID 6) PARATHYROID The thyroid gland is composed of two lobes which are located The parathyroid glands secrete a peptide hormone on either side of the trachea. called parathyroid hormone (PTH). The secretion of Both the lobes are interconnected with a thin flap of PTH is regulated by the circulating levels of calcium connective tissue called isthmus. ions Deficiency of iodine in our diet results in hypothyroidism and enlargement of the thyroid gland, commonly called goitre. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases the Ca2+ levels in the blood. PTH acts on bones and Hypothyroidism during pregnancy causes defective stimulates the process of bone resorption development and maturation of the growing baby leading to (dissolution/ demineralisation). stunted growth (cretinism), mental retardation, low intelligence quotient, abnormal skin, deaf-mutism, etc PTH also stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+ by the renal tubules and increases Ca2+ absorption from Exopthalmic goitre is a form of hyperthyroidism, the digested food. It is, thus, clear that PTH is a characterised by enlargement of the thyroid gland, protrusion hypercalcemic hormone, i.e., it increases the blood of the eyeballs, increased basal metabolic rate, and weight loss, Ca2+ levels also called Graves’ disease Thyroid gland also secretes a protein hormone called thyrocalcitonin (TCT) which regulates the blood calcium levels  7) ADRENAL GLAND 8) PANCREAS A) Adrenal medulla – The two main types of cells in the Islet of Langerhans are called α-cells and β-cells. The α-cells secrete a The adrenal medulla secretes two hormones called adrenaline hormone called glucagon, while the β-cells secrete or epinephrine and noradrenaline or norepinephrine. insulin. These are commonly called as catecholamines. Adrenaline and GLUCAGON INSULIN noradrenaline are rapidly secreted in response to stress of any Glucagon acts mainly on Insulin acts mainly on kind and during emergency situations and are called emergency the liver cells (hepatocytes) hepatocytes and hormones or hormones of Fight or Flight. and stimulates adipocytes (cells of glycogenolysis resulting in adipose tissue), and B) Adrenal cortex – an increased blood sugar enhances cellular glucose The adrenal cortex secretes many hormones, commonly called uptake and utilisation as corticoids. Hyperglycemic hormone Hypoglycaemic Hormone The corticoids, which are involved in carbohydrate This hormone stimulates Insulin also stimulates metabolism are called glucocorticoids. the process of conversion of glucose to gluconeogenesis which also glycogen (glycogenesis) in In our body, cortisol is the main glucocorticoid. Corticoids, contributes to the target cells which regulate the balance of water and electrolytes in our hyperglycemia body are called mineralocorticoids. Prolonged hyperglycemia leads to a complex disorder Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoid in our body. called diabetes mellitus which is associated with loss of glucose through urine and formation of harmful compounds known as ketone bodies 9) HORMONES OF OTHER ORGANS Heart Kidney GI tract Gastrin- stimulates the secretion of HCl & pepsinogen ANF – decreases blood Erythropoietin- stimulates Secretin- stimulates secretion of water and cccccccc pressure erythropoiesis bicarbonate ions CCK - stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes cccccccccccccccccccccccc and bile juice GIP inhibits gastric secretion and motility 10) MECHANISM OF HORMONE ACTION Protein hormone Steroid hormone Insulin, glucagon, pituitary Cortisol, testosterone, estradiol hormones, hypothalamic and progesterone hormones, etc. Water soluble Lipid soluble Generate secondary messengers Do not generate secondary (e.g., cyclic AMP, IP3 , Ca++ etc) messengers after binding to receptors on plasma membrane X X C