human organisms.pdf

BIO101 Anatomy and Physiology  The Human Organism Objectives: Define anatomy and physiology and describe the levels at which anatomy can be studied Explain the importance of the relationship between structure and function State two major goals of physiology...

BIO101 Anatomy and Physiology  The Human Organism Objectives: Define anatomy and physiology and describe the levels at which anatomy can be studied Explain the importance of the relationship between structure and function State two major goals of physiology Describe the six levels of organization of the body and describe the major characteristics of each level List and define the six characteristics of life. Objectives: Define homeostasis and explain why it is important for proper body function Describe a negative and positive feedback mechanism and give example Define the directional terms for the human body, and use them to locate specific body structures Describe the major trunk cavities and their divisions  Two Basic Approach to study Anatomy 1. Systematic Anatomy Study of the body systems Example: ⚬ Cardiovascular ⚬ nervous ⚬ skeletal ⚬ muscular  Two Basic Approach to study Anatomy 2. Regional Anatomy Study of the organization of the body by areas/region. Example: ⚬ Head ⚬ abdomen ⚬ arm ⚬ chest  Two ways to examine internal structures 1. Surface Anatomy the study of External Features ex: Body projections - Assessment (Externally)  Two ways to examine internal structures 2. Anatomical Imaging By the use of machines Examples: o X-ray o Ultrasound o MRI o CT Scan Physiology Deals with the process/ function of living things. Ex: Function of the Heart Brain Lungs Two Major Goals of Studying Physiology 1. Examining the body’s responses to stimuli. 2. Examining the body’s maintenance of stable internal conditions.  Pathophysiology Deals with the disordered, deranged functions of human body due to diseases (Abnormal, Functional Changes)  Structural and Functional Organization of the human Body 1. Chemical Level The structural and functional characteristics of all organisms are determined by their chemical makeup. The chemical level of organization involves how atoms interact and combine into molecules. Atoms – Basic chemical unit of chemical element  Structural and Functional Organization of the human Body 1. Chemical Level Molecules –electrically neutral group of two or more atoms. Held together by chemical bond  Structural and Functional Organization of the human Body 2. Cell Level Basic unit of organism. Most cells contain smaller structures inside them, called organelles  Structural and Functional Organization of the human Body 3. Tissue Level Group of similar cells and material surrounding area Characteristics of cells and materials surrounding them determines function of the tissue  Structural and Functional Organization of the human Body 4. Organ Level Compose of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common function Ex: Urinary bladder Skin Stomach Heart  Structural and Functional Organization of the human Body 5. Organ System Level Group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions Ex: URINARY SYSTEM - Kidney - Ureter - Urinary Bladder - Urethra 5. Organ System Level 5. Organ System Level 5. Organ System Level 5. Organ System Level  Structural and Functional Organization of the human Body 6. Organism Level An organism is any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human.  Characteristics of life 1. Organization Organize Specific interrelationship among parts of organism and how those part interact to perform specific function  Characteristics of life 2. Metabolism Ability to use energy to perform vital functions such as: > Growth > Movement > Reproduction  Characteristics of life 3. Responsiveness Ability to sense changes in the external or internal environment and adjust to those changes.  Characteristics of life 4. Growth refers to an increase in the size or number of cells cells. How? > 🡻 in Cell number > 🡻 in Cell size  Characteristics of life 5. Development Changes an organism undergoes through time. It begins with fertilization and ends in death  Characteristics of life 5. Development Differentiation -change in cell structure and function from generalize to specialized.  Characteristics of life 6. Reproduction Formation of new cells on new organisms Without reproduction of new cells there would be no growth and tissue repair  Homeostasis “homeo” – the same “statis”- to stop maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body. Despite fluctuations in either internal/external environment  Homeostasis In order for the cell to function normally. It depends on the fluid environment within narrow range of condition: Temperature Volume Chemical Content Fluid Balance Blood Ph Cell Blood Sugar Ion balance Water/ Fluid Blood pressure >>>> These conditions are called VARIABLE  Homeostasis Variables – It is called variables because their values can change Ex: Body Temperature is a variable that can 🡻 in a hot environment and can 🡻 in cold environment  Homeostatic Mechanism maintain normal body temperature include sweating or shivering to maintain body temperature near an ideal normal value, or set point. All Homeostasis are governed by: > Nervous System > Endocrine System  Homeostatic Mechanism Disease - DISRUPTS Homeostasis and sometimes results in death  Increase heat in Homeostasis the Increase body temperature Thermo receptors in the environment skin is triggered Negative Feedback Hypothalamus Maintains Sweat glands Send signal (Control Center) homeostasis. detects the increase Any deviation from set point (normal Stimulates blood vessels in Production of values) is made the skin to relax sweat (Effector) Increase blood smaller (Dilate) to the body surface for It does not prevent radiation of variation but Hypothalamus heat away from signals sweat maintains variation glands to the body within normal range decrease sweat production and constrict to their If body normal diameter temperature is to conserve heat now normal  Homeostasis Negative Feedback Three Components 1. The receptor/ sensor- monitors the value of the variable, such as nerve in the skin 2. Control Center- establish set point which the variable is maintained, such as part of the brain 3. Effector- can change the value of variable, such as sweat glands  Homeostasis Negative Feedback  Homeostasis Positive Feedback occur when a response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater. In other words deviation from set point becomes greater  Terminology and Body Planes Prefix/ Suffix Meaning New words can be over whelming Bio- Life especially medical Brady- Slow terms Tachy- Fast Most terms are derived from Latin/Greek -Ectomy Excision, Removal Words are often -itis Inflammation modified by adding prefix and suffix -Scopy Use of instrument for viewing Hyper- Above normal, Excessive Hypo- Below normal, deficient  Body Positions Anatomical Position A person standing erect with face forward, upper limbs hanging to sides and palms of the hand facing forward  Body Positions Supine – Lying face upward Prone – Lying face downward Directional Terms It is important to know directional terms because we/ it will be used all throughout Superior – Up Inferior - Down Directional Terms Anterior – Front (Ventral Surface) Posterior – Back (Dorsal Surface) Directional Terms Proximal – Nearest Distal – Distant Used to refer linear structures such as limbs (Arms and Legs) Directional Terms Medial – toward midline Lateral – away from midline Directional Terms Superficial – Structure close to surface of the body Deep – Toward the interior of the body Exercise A boy standing on his head. His head is _________ to his feet. Answer: superior  Body parts and regions Central Region Head, Neck and Trunk Trunk can be divided into. Thorax – Chest Abdomen – Region between thorax and pelvis Pelvis – Inferior end of trunk associated with hips Body parts and regions Body parts and regions Upper Limb Arm- shoulder to elbow Forearm- elbow to wrist Wrist Hand Body parts and regions Lower Limb Thigh – hip to knee Leg – knee to ankle Ankle Foot Body parts and regions Abdomen Can be divided into 4 sections/quadrants and 9 regions Exercise Organs and their place in the abdominal quadrants Spleen - Left Upper Gall Bladder - Right Upper Kidneys - Left and Right Upper Most Stomach - Left Upper Most Liver - Right Upper Planes Imaginary flat surface. A plane divides, or sections, the body, making it possible to “look inside” and observe the body’s structures. useful to discuss body in reference sectioning the body is a way to look inside Planes Sagittal Plane Vertically separates right to left Planes Median Plane is a sagittal plane that passes through midline of the body dividing it into equally right and left Planes Transverse Plane Horizontal plane runs through surface of the ground Separates body to superior and inferior Planes Frontal (coronal) Plane divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves. Planes Organs are often sectioned to reveal their internal structure. Longitudinal section a cut along the length of the organ Planes Organs are often sectioned to reveal their internal structure. Transverse section or cross section, cuts completely through an organ Planes Organs are often sectioned to reveal their internal structure. Oblique section If a cut is made diagonally across the long axis. Body Cavities Cavity – empty space Two types of internal cavities: 1. Dorsal body cavity 2. Ventral body cavity Body Cavities 1. Dorsal body cavity Encloses the organs of the nervous system, the brain and spinal cord. Two subdivisions of the dorsal body a. Cranial cavity b. Vertebral canal Body Cavities 2. Ventral body cavity Houses the vast majority of our internal organs, collectively referred to as the viscera. Two subdivisions of the ventral body a. Thoracic cavity b. Abdominopelvic cavity Body Cavities 2. Ventral body cavity a. Thoracic Cavity Superior to the abdominopelvic cavity and houses primarily the heart and lungs. Two sections Two lateral pleural cavities, each of which encloses a lung, and are surrounded by the ribs. Medial mediastinum, houses the heart and its major blood vessels, in addition to the thymus, trachea, and esophagus. Body Cavities 2. Ventral body cavity b. Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal Cavity - Bounded by abdominal muscles - Contains: - Stomach - Intestines - Liver - Spleen - Pancreas - Kidneys Body Cavities 2. Ventral body cavity b. Abdominopelvic Cavity Pelvic Cavity -Small space enclose by bones of pelvis -Contains: Urinary Bladder Urethra Part of large intestine Internal reproductive organs Serous Membrane Double layered membranes that in contact with the walls of the body cavities and the surface of internal organs. Visceral – Organ Parietal - Wall Serous Membrane Pericardial Cavity -Around the heart Serous Membrane Pleural Cavity - Surround each lungs Serous Membrane Peritoneal cavity -houses many internal organs, such as; Liver’ Digestive organs Reproductive organs Serous Membrane Mesenteries - Consist of two layers of peritoneum - Attach the intestinal organs to the abdominal cavity - Anchor organs to the body wall and provides pathways for nerves and blood vessels Serous Membrane Retroperitoneal - Parietal peritoneum covers other organs - Kidneys - Adrenal Glands - Pancreas - Parts of intestine - Urinary bladder Serous Membrane Some of conditions caused by inflammation of the serous membranes: Pericarditis Pleurisy Peritonitis Thank You END OF SLIDES.