Human Body Structures PDF

STRUCTURES OF THE HUMAN BODY UNIT II  TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED ⚬ BODY PARTS ⚬ BODY TYPES ⚬ MAN'S BIOLOGICAL MAKE-UP AND FITNESS - Muscular System - Skeletal System OUR BODY Is an ultimate mover that makes us to enjoy and satisfied. Each part...

STRUCTURES OF THE HUMAN BODY UNIT II  TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED ⚬ BODY PARTS ⚬ BODY TYPES ⚬ MAN'S BIOLOGICAL MAKE-UP AND FITNESS - Muscular System - Skeletal System OUR BODY Is an ultimate mover that makes us to enjoy and satisfied. Each part has its own function that depends on one another. Knowing the parts of the body, its systems, and capabilities and limitations are essential for Physical Education and for effective performance in physical activities.  BODY TYPES Body types or Physique Classification distinguish certain physiological and personality traits. Good Physique boosts an individual morale and self- confidence. On the other hand, people who does not have good physique are more conscious and have low self-esteem.  BODY TYPES William Sheldon, an American psychologist known for his theory on associating physique with personality and delinquency. Ernst Kretschmer, a German psychiatrist who proposed the types of physique similar to Sheldon's classification. Namely Asthenic (thin, small, weak) Athletic (muscular, large-boned) Pyknic (stocky, fat)  SHELDON'S BODY TYPE ECTOMORPH CLASSIFICATION Lean, slim, shallow chested, and tall proportion to their weight. Has difficulty in building muscles. MESOMORPH Muscular with broad shoulders, well- developed chest, robust and strong. Has good metabolism and responsive muscle cells. ENDOMORPH Broad, rounded figure, large head, heavy neck, and ruddy face. Has high tendency to store body fat ECTOMORPH MESOMORPH ENDOMORPH ASTHENIC ATHLETIC PYKNIC SHELDON'S BODY TYPE  MAN'S BIOLOGICAL MAKE-UP AND FITNESS ✔ Body System is an arrangement of organs closely allied or related to each other to do particular job. ✔ A System is made up of organs (collection of tissues with similar function) which in turn are made up of cells (basic structural unit of all living organisms). ✔ Cell is the biological basis of life. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Protects the body organs Storing minerals that the body utilizes. Provides form and structure for the muscle to work againts. Support the body.  TYPES OF BONES Long Bones - Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Fibula, Tibia, Femur, Metacarpals, Phalanges Short Bones - Carpal Bones, Tarsals Bones Flat Bones - Skull, Ribs, Sternum, Scapulae Note: The thoracic cage protects the heart and lungs. The thoracic cage is formed by the (a) sternum and (b) 12 pairs of ribs with costal cartilages. The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae. The sternum consists of the classified as true ribs (1-7) and false ribs (8-12). The last two pairs of false ribs are also known as floating ribs (11-12). Irregular Bones - Skull, vertebrae, Hip Sesamoid Bones - Patella  THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM The body system that is composed of skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle tissue and functions in movement of the body or of materials through the body. Maintenance of posture Responsible for heat production 3 TYPES OF MUSCLES CARDIAC MUSCLES (Involuntary Muscles) - These muscles form the walls of the heart and contacts to circulate the blood. VISCERAL/SMOOTH MUSCLES (Involuntary Muscles) - Found in organs or organ system such as the digestive or respiratory system. SKELETAL MUSCLES (Voluntary Muscles) - Attach to the skeleton with the ability to move.  References Dagami, E., Flordeliza, R. & Santos, Arden. Principles of Movement Enhancement Hoehn, K., Marieb E. Human Anatomy & Physiology 9th edition https://www.jefit.com/exercise-tips/three-different-body-types https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/1-2- structural-organization-of-the-human-body-2/ https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/human-anatomy- terminology THANK YOU anatomical TERMS Presented by: Group 2  anatomical terms Terms are very important when describing things or location, likewise in navigating your way around the human body. Besides being used to identify the location of various bodyparts, the use of proper terms ensures accurate communication between health-care providers. Since the body is three-dimensional, a number of different terms are needed. These include directional terms as well as terms for body planes. D I r e t c e t r i o m n s a l Directional terms are generally grouped in pairs of opposite  Medial Toward the body’s midline. LAteral Away from the body’s midline.  DIStal Farthest from the point of origin. PRoximal Closest to the point of origin.  SUPERIOR Above. Another name for superior is cranial. inferior Below. Another name for inferior is caudal, caudal means tail.  AnTERIOR ALSO KNOWN AS VENTRAL Toward the front of the body. POSTERIOR also known as DORSAL Toward the back of the body.  UNIlateral Involves one side of the body. bilateral Involves both sides of the body.  IPSILATERAL On the same side of the body. CONTRALATERAL On opposite sides of the body.  SUPERFICIAL At or near the body’s surface. DEEP Away from the body’s surface. b o P d L y A N E S Body planes divide the body, or an organ, into sections.  body planes Saggital plane - divides the Transverse plane - It divides Frontal plane - it divides the body lengthwise into right the body horizontally into body lengthwise into anterior and left sides. It’s called upper (superior) and lower and posterior portions. It is midsaggital plane if the (inferior) portions. It is also also called a coronal plane. It section is made exactly at called a horizontal plane, and is often used in illustrations to midline. It is often used in illustrations to reveal the it’s used by CT scanners to show the contents of the organs in the head or pelvic reveal internal organs. abdominal and thoracic cavity cavities. b M o O d v y e m e n t Body planes divide the body, or an organ, into sections.  Anatomical Terms of Movements Movement terms are used to describe the actions of muscles on the skeleton. Muscles contract to produce movement at joints, and the subsequent movements can be precisely described using the anatomical terms below:  Anatomical Terms of Movements Flexion and Extension Flexion and extension are movements that occur in the saggital plane. Flexion refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts. While extension refers to a movement that increases the angle between two body parts Abduction and Adduction Abduction is a term that describes movement away from the midline. While adduction is a movement towards the midline.  Anatomical Terms of Movements Medial and Lateral Rotation Medial rotation refers to a rotation movement towards the midline, and is also referred to as internal rotation. While lateral rotation is a rotating movement away from the midline. Elevation and Depression Elevation refers to movement in a superior direction, while depression refers to movement in an inferior direction  Anatomical Terms of Movements Pronation and Supination These actions are sometimes confused with medial and lateral rotation, but they are two different terms. Supination and pronation are movements of the forearm. Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion These are terms used to describe movements at the ankle. They refer to the two surfaces of the foot; the dorsum (superior surface) and the plantar surface (the sole). Dorsiflexion refers to flexion of the ankle, while plantar flexion is the extension at the ankle.  Anatomical Terms of Movements Circumduction Circumduction is the movement of a body region in a circular manner, in which one end of the body region being moved stays relatively stationary while the end forms a circle. It is the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction at a joint. Rotation Circumduction and rotation are two different movements. Rotation can occur within the vertebral column, at a pivot joint, or at ball-and- socket joint. Rotation is produced by the summation of small rotational movements available between adjacent vertebrae. thank YOU Presented by: Group 2  GROUP 3 EXERCISE  2 What is Exercise? Exercise is bodily exertion for the sake of developing and maintaining physical fitness - Merriam Webster  BASIC WORKOUT OUTLINE  4 1. General Warm up (Pre-workout phase) This prepares the body for more strenuous physical activities. It gradually increases the heart rate and the circulation of blood.  5 2. Sports Specific Warm up This is a type of exercise or conditioning that targets the muscle groups needed or that will be used for physical activity. Exercises should be related to the skills needed in your main activity.  14 1. Increase blood 2. Increase the 3. Prepare the Benefits of circulation to the muscles to muscle temperature, muscles to perform more stretching Warm Up continuously send oxygen and which give energy, release reactions, and engage in strenuous exercise Exercise nutrients and respond to the and activities; throughout the muscles body; effectively. 4. Reduce risk of 5. Enhance the 6. Prevents stress, acquiring an injury ability to learn and anxiety, and in joints, muscles, perform skilled fatigue; and tendons. movements;  7 3. Main Activity This is more intense activity. It is specific activity like workout, sports, game, and dance.  8 4. Cool This is the counterpart of Down warm up. It is usually an (Post-workout phase) easy or light to moderate exercise done after a more intense activity. It allows the heart rate and breathing to return to its normal state.  10 To do before and after exercise.  Here’s the top recommend doings before and after workouts: 1. Consult a physician first. 2. Don’t work out right after eating. 3. For better result, exercise regularly at a regular time. 4. If exercising in the morning, give enough time between breakfast and workout. Do more warm ups and start the workout with light motions. 5. If exercising in the afternoon or in the evening after the daily activities, take short rest before doing the workout. 6. In case where eating is unavoidable, eat only in small amounts. 7. When done with the workout, the very first thing that one should not forget is the cool-down and stretches. PRINCIPLES OF EXERCISE TRAINING  16 When the amount of 1.) OVERLOAD exercise is increased PRINCIPLE progressively, fitness continues to improve. Perform more than one’s normal amount of exercise.  17 This concept asserts that 2. ) PRINCIPLE OF overload should be increased PROGRESSION gradually during the course of a physical fitness program. Is simply a method of reducing the demand of an exercise or movement.  18 3. ) PRINCIPLE OF The effect of exercise SPECIFICITY training is specific to those muscles involved in the activity.  19 The need for a rest period 4.) PRINCIPLE OF between exercise training RECUPERATION sessions. (Over loading your muscles means stressing them, and they need a period of rest before your next workout.  20 5. ) PRINCIPLE OF Loss of Fitness due to inactivity REVERSIVILITY (detraining) Is a concept that when you stop working out, you lose the effects of training.  21 DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXERCISE  1. Aerobic Exercise The purpose of aerobic conditioning is to increase the amount of oxygen that is delivered to your muscles, which allows them to work longer. 2. Anaerobic Exercise increases the force of muscle contractions the body can generate while increasing one’s strength, speed, or power output.  27 Types of Anerobic Static Dynamic Exercise Strength Strength Training Training (Isometric Exercise) (Isotonic Exercise)  28 Static Strength This type of exercises help maintain Training muscle strength and tone. Isometrics (Isometric Exercise) involve contracting a muscle without moving any joint. Isometric exercises come in two types;  29 Sub Maximal Maximal Exercises Exercises involve Static Strength Involve contracting contracting the Training the muscles with less muscles with all (Isometric Exercise) than the maximum strength, such as strength, such as pushing against holding a dumbbell immovable with steady arms object. fully extended outward.  30 Dynamic This type of exercise strengthens the Strength muscles over a full range of motion. Training (Isotonic Exercise) Weightlifting and calisthenics are examples of dynamic strength-training. This type of exercises uses resistance to work the muscles through a completed motion such as performing a bench press, leg press or sit up. 3. Flexibility Exercise Is performed to enhance the movements of muscles and joints.  32 Stretching and bending are the common ways of flexibility training. This type of exercise benefits the body by preventing 3. Flexibility muscle stiffness and joint pains (to some Exercise extent) while improving blood circulation, posture, and breathing capacity. This will surely help in reducing muscle soreness and injuries, and in the proper recovery of the muscles after the exercises.  PROPER BREATHING  34 One of the most highly effective breathing techniques that is utilized during stretching or a workout is to inhale on the “way down” and exhale on the “way up”. 35  37 That's all, Thank you!  38 Dagami, E., Flordeliza, R. & Santos, Arden. Principles of Movement Enhancement. Validation Edition. Healthwise Staff. (2019, May 19). The Three Kinds of Fitness. HealthLink BC. https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/health-topics/ta3112 REFERENCES Devor, S. (n.d.). Proper Breathing During Exercise: Importance for Safety and Performance. Retrieved October 15, 2020, from https://www.copcp.com/Documents/DownloadFile/87 Rpilacho. (2017, April 9). Breathe In, Breathe Out... Breathing during Exercise | BMEG442: Engineering Exercise and Sports. University of Delaware. https://sites.udel.edu/coe-engex/2017/04/09/breathe-in- breathe-out-breathing-during-exercise/ Program, U. P. (n.d.). 1. The Importance of a Warm-Up & Cool- Down. Open.online.uga.edu. Retrieved from https://open.online.uga.edu/fitness/chapter/warmupcooldown/ Nutrition Eat healthy food to live healthy What is Nutrients? The process of taking in food and using it for growth, metabolism, and repair. 6 major nutrients Carbohydrates Protein Fats Vitamins Minerals Hydration Carbohydrates Protein main source of energy for building blocks your body's cells, tissues, of the body and organs. Simple Complex Carbohydrates Carbohydrates  Vitamins Fats Helping to fight infection, concentrated source wound healing, making our of energy bones strong and regulating Saturated Unsaturated hormones. Trans  Minerals Hydration Help maintain overall health Helps regulate body and are involved in enzyme temperature, transport function and metabolic nutrients, and remove waste processes. products Healthy eating habit  Healthy Daily Menu Knowing Yourself Eat Different and Colorful Food at the same time Eat lots of fruits and Vegetables Avoid Process Food Hydrate Eat only Properly, sufficient and Regularly amount of fats, and sugars Eat the right amount of food to keep the ideal body weight and exercise regularly Eat less salt Don't skip meals Consume more organic food Ideal Body Weight Kenneth Cooper's Formula Male: Height in inches x 4-128 Female: Height in inches x 3.5-108 Guidelines for weight and health maintenance 1. Eat balanced meals every day. This means consuming a variety of foods from all food groups. This ensures you're getting the essential vitamins, minerals, and nutrients your body needs to function properly. 2. Follow a consistent eating pattern. Eating at roughly the same times each day helps regulate your body's natural hunger cues and metabolism. This can help you avoid overeating or feeling overly hungry. 3. Maintain your ideal weight. This means to stay in a healthy weight range for your height and build. This can help you from overeating or feeling hungry. 4. Eat low calorie snacks and avoid junk foods. Opt for snacks that are rich in nutrients and lower in calories like vegetables, nuts or yogurt. 5. Cut down on high-fat foods and eat more lean meats. High-fat foods can contribute to weight gain and increase your risk of heart disease. Lean meats like chicken, fish, and turkey are better choices as they provide protein without excessive fat. 6. Drink at least 8-10 glasses of water a day. Water is essential for many bodily functions, including hydration, temperature regulation, and waste removal. Staying adequately hydrated is crucial for overall health. 7. Eat amidst a relaxed and pleasant atmosphere. Stress can negatively impact digestion and eating habits. Creating a calm and enjoyable environment can help you savor and digest the food better. 8. Food supplements may be taken if necessary. Sometimes, even with a balanced diet, you might not be getting all the nutrients you need. Supplements can help you fill those gaps, but it’s always important to talk to your doctor to determine and ensure what would be appropriate for you. Pinggang Pinoy What is Pinggang Pinoy? Is a simple way of creating healthy meals for Filipinos. It consists of three parts: go foods, grow foods, and glow foods. PInggang Pinoy for Kids  PInggang Pinoy for Kids Go Foods: These are foods that provide energy, such as rice, bread, and pasta. They are important for children's activities. Glow Foods: These foods help with skin health and overall well-being, like fruits and vegetables. They are full of vitamins and minerals. PInggang Pinoy for Teens PInggang Pinoy for Adults Pinggang Pinoy for elderly (60 years old above )  GO ( Energy Giving ) Go for rice, root crops, pasta, bread, and other carbohydrate-rich foods, which provide energy to support bodily functions and physical activity. GROW ( Body Building ) Eat fish, shellfish, lean meat, poultry, eggs, and dried beans and nuts needed for the maintenance and repair of body tissues. Include fatty fish in the diet like tuna, sardines, and mackerel 2-3 times a week to provide essential fatty acids that help protect against heart diseases.  Pinggang pinoy for pregnant and lactating mom Pinggang Pinoy offers particular suggestions for pregnant and lactating mothers to ensure they acquire the nutrients they need for their health and their baby's development. The plate is Pinggang pinoy for pregnant and lactating mom Go Foods: Energy-giving foods like rice, bread, pasta, and root crops, making up about one-third of the plate. Grow Foods: Protein-rich foods such as meat, poultry, fish, eggs, nuts, and beans, comprising about one-sixth of the plate. Glow Foods: Fruits and vegetables rich in THANK YOU Do you have any questions?