human-and-cultual-evolution.pdf

HUMAN EVOLUTION TOWARD HUMAN CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT EVOLUTION The process by which beings develop from earlier beings Culture and societies exist because of evolution Physical/Biological Anthropology It focuses on human’s origins, dealing with fossilized rem...

HUMAN EVOLUTION TOWARD HUMAN CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT EVOLUTION The process by which beings develop from earlier beings Culture and societies exist because of evolution Physical/Biological Anthropology It focuses on human’s origins, dealing with fossilized remains, primate beginnings, and evolution but relies heavily on the biological origins of man Primatology It utilizes primates or great apes, such as chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans for deriving an understanding of human evolutionary period  PROSIMIANS The Primates, The Early Hominids, The Homo Sapiens ANTHROPOIDS They rely more on smell for information They have mobile ears They have whiskers They have longer snouts They relatively fixed facial expressions They have rounded brain cases They have reduced non-mobile outer ears They are relatively small They have flat faces instead of muzzles They have highly dexterous hands Their DNA are remarkably similar to that of humans  It is at this stage Evolutionary that people have development found the first of human signs of human characteristics development  HOMINIDS They are first to use stone Organisms tools for survival that started the They are bipedal, have hominization, expanded brains, enlarge bodies, less sexual belonging in dimorphism, narrower limb, the Homo reduced size of cheek, teeth Homo genus and crania Rudolfensis HOMO HABILIS It is to the Homo Early traces of The survival of It is generally Habilis that people owe Homo Habilis this group of believed that date back hominids in the the skill of tool- their first relics approximately different regions making has of tools, this of Earth shows been carried species has 1.9 million its capacity to from Eastern shown years ago in a adapt with the Africa, remarkable site at Olduvai changing spreading to the evolutionary George, conditions of most parts of efficiency in a creative manner Tanzania the planet Asia HOMO ERECTUS They are best represented by the Java Man discovered in Java, Indonesia which was believed to be the crucial in defining the moments by which humanity evolved It is believed that this specie had the capacity to manipulate his environment in order to survive. Some believed that they discovered the use of fire that helped them survive longer and convenient They made use of hand-axes, and they left behind surviving traces of constructed dwellings, the earliest worked wood, the first wooden spears, and the earliest containers-a wooden bowl They are hunters which turned hominids from being herbivores into omnivores. This paved way to a more complex form of living  HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS They walked erect and had a big crania They were found in Africa and Asia They were more primitive in comparison to modern human, but they exhibited similar mental sophistication by wearing animal skins and furs to protect them from changing weather conditions They were the first to bury their dead HOMO SAPIENS They have smaller face, lighter Their bigger brain led them to skull with bigger provision for gain more knowledge about brain, and straighter limbs their surroundings It is believed that they originated They were the first to control the from Africa and expanded growth and breeding of some throughout the world about a plants and animals thousand years ago They learned to settle in one They are believed to the species place to another to develop to alter their environment and further their food production, utilize their resources which gave birth to villages and town HUMANIZATION It is the long process of improving the humans’ everyday living through innovation, discovery, enhancing routines, and creating mechanisms with the intention of harmonizing and harnessing the fullest potentials of their fellow human beings  Stages of Humanization Palaeolithic Age Bronze Age Neolithic Revolution Iron Age Copper Age Democratization  PALAEOLITHIC AGE Lower Palaeolithic Rough and unpolished stones It came from 2 Greek were used as implements by the words PALAEO (old) and Hominids, specifically Homo LITHIC (stone), thus, it Middle Habilis and Homo Erectus pertains to OLD STONE Palaeolithic PERIOD Rough and unpolished stones It is believed to be the Upper Palaeolithic tools earliest stage of human Man-made materials (clay and development Prehistoric paintings powdered bones) and carvings Invention of spear thrower, bow and arrow, and barbed Made use of land harpoon bridges NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION The role culture in human adaptation It refers to Invention of agriculture It is the the slow yet cultural radical The food-gathering It is the revolution era where transformati background people on of human Settled permanently in from which employed behavior and fertile lands, in rivers, civilization polished organization, valleys, hills, and plains appears stone thus, the tools term Massive stone walls were “revolution” built and houses made of mud bricks  THE COPPER AGEAGE COPPER BRONZE AGE They were first to make cloth from linen Their houses were painted with vultures and headless men and were decorated was an era of transition with plaster bulls’ heads and statuettes between the stone tool-using of mother goddesses farmers of the Neolithic and CATAL HUYUK the metal-obsessed civilizations of the Bronze Age. The Copper Age was really a phenomenon of the eastern Mediterranean regions MESOPOTANIA  BRONZE AGE People learned how to smelt They invented calendars and metal and make bronze the wheel for pot making and carts They discovered sailing, It was during this age when which helped them in their the first recorded form of trade with other towns writing (cuneiform) Plow and framing were also originated invented The greatest achievement that changed humanity was They were the first to devise systems of counting (decimal the establishment of city- systems, and the 60-minute states division in an hour  IRON AGE The Iron Age led to the metallurgy of iron The adoption of and steel, which iron and steel helped lead to other directly impacted A new trend in technological changes in society, acquiring power innovations for affecting surfaced. It ancient humans. agricultural procedures and paved way to the Ironworking helped change the world by artistic expression, growth of military creating stronger and and also coincided empires more useful tools with the spread of that would advance written language human civilization.