Human Bio-Cultural Social Evolution PDF

HUMAN BIO-CULTURAL SOCIAL EVOLUTION CHAPTER 3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES  Trace the evolution of humans since time immemorial;  Discuss the cultural and sociopolitical evolution of mankind;  Discuss the development of early civilization and the rise of the state; and  Understand mankind’s developmen...

HUMAN BIO-CULTURAL SOCIAL EVOLUTION CHAPTER 3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES  Trace the evolution of humans since time immemorial;  Discuss the cultural and sociopolitical evolution of mankind;  Discuss the development of early civilization and the rise of the state; and  Understand mankind’s development in the context of democratization.  CHAPTER 3 – HUMAN BIO-CULTURAL SOCIAL EVOLUTION  Lesson 1: Macroevolution and the Formation of New  Lesson 3: Early Civilization Species and the Rise of the State  Lesson 2: Cultural and  Lesson 4: Democratization Sociopolitical Evolution HUMAN BIO-CULTURAL SOCIAL EVOLUTION  The evolution of human has remained a contested issue in various academic quarters for several decades.  Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution solicited different reactions because of its conflict with religious views.  This chapter will focus on the development of man as a socio- cultural animal while lecturing mankind’s biological evolution. MACROEVOLUTION AND THE FORMATION OF NEW SPECIES Lesson 1  MACROEVOLUTION AND THE FORMATION OF NEW SPECIES  Macroevolution focuses on the formation of new species (speciation) and on the evolutionary relationship between groups of species.  Species is often defined as a population capable of interbreeding – of producing viable, fertile offspring.  LESSON 1: MACROEVOLUTION AND THE FORMATION OF NEW SPECIES  Speciation through the process of adaptive change to the environment as proposed in Darwin’s Origin of Species (1859) is generally considered to occur at a slow rate.  Speciation can also take place rapidly. For instance, a genetic mutation involving a key regulatory gene can lead to the formation of a new body plan. The human evolutionary path.  HOMEOBOX  Scientists have discovered a certain type of gene called homeobox that is responsible for the large-scale effects on the growth and development of organisms.  An organism will maintain its new form rather than change because of natural selection.  NATURAL SELECTION AND CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY  Natural selection is the process through which species adapt to their environments.  During the past 200 million years, the position of the continents has shifted through the continental drift – resulting to the distribution of fossil primate groups, and climatic change that affects evolution. EVOLUTION OF PRIMATES  Approximately 65 million years ago, the earliest primate-like mammals came into being. EVOLUTION OF PRIMATES  Approximately 40 million years ago, diurnal anthropoid primates appeared. EVOLUTION OF PRIMATES  Then, 23 million years after, at the start of Miocene, hominoids began to appear in Asia, Africa, and Europe.  HOMINOIDS  Hominoids are broad- shouldered tailless primates and include all living and extinct apes and humans.  MIOCENE PERIOD  The golden age of the hominoids.  The African and Eurasian land masses made direct contact.  Miocene fossil remains of apes have been found in China, France, and Eastern Africa.  EARLY HUMANS  Humans are distinct among the hominoids for bipedalism – a special form of locomotion on two feet.  Larger brains and bipedal locomotion constitute the most striking differences between us and our closest primate relative. EARLY HUMANS  Australopithecus – the earliest ancestors of humans. Bipedal but had a small brain-size in proportion to their bodies. EARLY HUMANS  Homo habilis – it is theorized that they evolved from one of the species of Australopithecus. They have smaller teeth and larger brains. EARLY HUMANS  Homo erectus – following the homo habilis in the line of human evolution. With an even larger brain, they were able to adapt and survive. PALEOLITHIC PERIOD (OLD STONE AGE)  PALEOLITHIC PERIOD Three divisions:  Lower Paleolithic Period  Middle Paleolithic Period  Upper Paleolithic Period LOWER PALEOLITHIC PERIOD  Marked the existence of Homo Erectus.  The hand ax and other tools were created.  The homo erectus sought efficiency and made tools for specific tasks. MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD  The Homo sapiens lived during middle paleolithic period.  They made more efficient tools such as for prying, lifting, holding, and pulling. UPPER PALEOLITHIC PERIOD  The Homo sapiens lived during this period also.  The blade was the most distinct tool developed and more specialized tools was created. CULTURAL AND SOCIOPOLITICAL EVOLUTION Lesson 2  CULTURAL AND SOCIOPOLITICAL EVOLUTION  The evolution of cultural and sociopolitical dimensions of humankind underwent several stages of change for a millennia. Neolithic Development Contemporary Practice of revolution of states times democracy  NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION  This revolution literally means New Stone Age Revolution because of polished stone tools and techniques.  A time of fundamental change – food production started. From hunting and gathering food to reproduction of plants and animals.  Examples of stones that prehistoric people turned into stone tools.  NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION  People started to settle in villages to grow crops and raise animals.  The efficiency in food production allowed more time to develop arts and sciences – farm tools, building temples, granaries, irrigation, trade, etc.  NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION  Communities were built as population increased, which led to the development of cities.  Man's harmony with nature now needs to be established.  NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION  With agriculture in full scale, humans began changing the ecosystem drastically: a. irrigation destroyed many fertile areas b. soil erosion made many waterways less navigable c. competition to fertile lands eventually led to war and hunger  NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION  Lastly, the need for new technology and tools led to the higher demand for certain raw materials, such as obsidian and other sharp stone tools used in food production. Since these raw materials were not always available in the immediate environment, trade and economic networks saw their beginnings during the Neolithic Revolution (Fagan, 2008). EARLY CIVILIZATION AND THE RISE OF THE STATE Lesson 3 CIVILIZATION  The word civilization comes from the Latin word “civis”, which refers to a person who lives in the city; and “civets”, which refers to the urban community in which one dwells. EARLY CIVILIZATION AND THE RISE OF THE STATE  As defined by anthropologists, civilization refers to societies in which large numbers of people live in cities.  The inhabitants of the cities are socially stratified and governed by a ruling elite who work through centrally organized political systems called states. EARLY CIVILIZATION AND THE RISE OF THE STATE  As Neolithic villages grew into towns, the world's first cities developed. o Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq) – 6000 years ago o Egypt's Nile Valley and Indus Valley (today's Pakistan and India) – 4500 years ago EARLY CIVILIZATION AND THE RISE OF THE STATE o China – 5000 years ago o The first American and Indian cities appeared in Peru – 4000 years ago o Mesoamerica (comprises the modern day countries of northern Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, Belize, and central to southern Mexico) – 2000 years ago EARLY CIVILIZATION AND THE RISE OF THE STATE What characterized these first cities? Why, are they called the birthplaces of civilization? The first feature of cities and of any civilization — is their large size in terms of land area and population. EARLY CIVILIZATION AND THE RISE OF THE STATE However, cities are more than just overgrown towns. CATALHOYUK Consider the case of Catalhoyuk, a compact 9500 year old settlement in south-central Turkey. EARLY CIVILIZATION AND THE RISE OF THE STATE Archaeological evidence from early urban centers demonstrates organized planning by:  a central authority,  technological intensification, and  social stratification. INDUS RIVER VALLEY Flood control and protection were vital components of the great ancient cities of the Indus River valley. MOHENJODARO Mohenjodaro, an urban center at its peak approximately 4500 years ago with a population of at least 20 000, was built on an artificial mound, safe from flood waters. EARLY CIVILIZATION AND THE RISE OF THE STATE Ancient people incorporated their spiritual beliefs and social order into the cities they built. MESOAMERICAN CITY TEOTIHUACAN The layout of the great Mesoamerican city Teotihuacan, founded 2200 years ago, translated the solar calendar into a unified spatial pattern, The Street of the Dead. MESOAMERICAN CITY TEOTIHUACAN The Street of the Dead MESOAMERICAN CITY TEOTIHUACAN It is estimated that over 100 000 people inhabited Teotihuacan until its sudden collapse possibly in the 7th century. EARLY CIVILIZATION AND THE RISE OF THE STATE  Like other ancient cities throughout the world, Mohenjodaro and Teotihuacan were more than expanded Neolithic villages.  Great changes took place in the transition from village to city that the emergence of urban living is considered by some to be one of the great developments in human culture. RISE OF CITIES Four basic changes mark the transition from Neolithic village life to life in the first urban centers:  agricultural innovation,  diversification of labor,  social stratification, and  central government.  AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION  Changes in farming methods distinguished early civilizations from Neolithic villages.  For example, the ancient Sumerians built an extensive system like dikes, canals, and reservoirs to irrigate their farmlands.  AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION  They were able to control water resources at will— water could be held and then run off into the field as necessary.  DIVERSIFICATION OF LABOR  In a Neolithic village without irrigation or plow farming, every family member participated in the planting of crops.  Human Ancient public records document a variety of specialized workers.  DIVERSIFICATION OF LABOR An early Mesopotamian document from the old Babylonian city of Lagash (modern day Tell al-Hiba, Iraq) listed artisans, craftsmen, and people who store crops in the temple granaries.  DIVERSIFICATION OF LABOR ▪ In Eurasia and Africa, civilization ushered during the Bronze Age, a period marked by the production of tools and ornaments made of bronze. ▪ The indigenous civilizations of the Americas also used metals. In South America, copper, silver, and gold were used for tools as well as ceremonial and ornamental objects.  DIVERSIFICATION OF LABOR ▪ The Aztecs and Maya used the same soft metals for making ceremonial and ornamental objects while continuing to rely on stone for their everyday tools. ▪ Early civilizations also developed extensive trade systems to procure the raw materials needed for their technologies.  SOCIAL STRATIFICATION ▪ The rise of large, economically diversified populations presided over by centralized governing authorities. ▪ Social stratification or the emergence of social classes. ▪ For example, symbols of special status and privilege appeared in the ancient cities of Mesopotamia.  SOCIAL STRATIFICATION ▪ The rise of large, economically diversified populations presided over by centralized governing authorities. ▪ Social stratification or the emergence of social classes. ▪ For example, symbols of special status and privilege appeared in the ancient cities of Mesopotamia.  SOCIAL STRATIFICATION  In some early civilizations, people are ranked according to their kind of work or specialization.  SOCIAL STRATIFICATION  The existence of social stratification in early societies is reflected in their laws and other written documents; archaeological features, such as dwelling size and location; and mortuary evidences that included burial customs and grave goods.  CENTRAL GOVERNMENT  The emergence of a governing elite also characterized early civilizations.  The emergence of a central government provided an authority to deal with the complex problems of cities.  CENTRAL GOVERNMENT  Governments of the past ensured that cities were safe from enemies by constructing fortifications and raising an army.  They levied taxes, make sure legal claims received justice, guaranteed safety for the lives and property of ordinary people.  CENTRAL GOVERNMENT  Evidence of centralized authority in ancient civilizations comes from sources, such as law codes, temple records, and royal chronicles.  Another indicator of the existence of centralized authority is writing, or some form of recorded information– through written documents and artifacts. EARLIEST FORMS OF GOVERNMENTS EARLIEST FORMS OF GOVERNMENTS  A king and his advisors typically headed the earliest city governments.  Of the many ancient kings in the world, it was Hammurabi (the Babylonian king who lived in Mesopotamia between 3700 and 3950 years ago) who issued a set of laws now known as the Code of Hammurabi. CODE OF HAMMURABI  Hammurabi's Code is thought to have established the principle of “innocent-until- proven-guilty.“ CODE OF HAMMURABI  It prescribed the correct form of legal procedures and determined penalties for perjury and false accusations. EARLIEST FORMS OF GOVERNMENTS  While some civilizations flourished under a single ruler, others possessed a widespread governing bureaucracy that was very efficient at every level. The government of the Inca empire is one such example. EARLIEST FORMS OF GOVERNMENTS  While some civilizations flourished under a single ruler, others possessed a widespread governing bureaucracy that was very efficient at every level. The government of the Inca empire is one such example. INCA EMPIRE  The Inca civilization of Peru surpassed every other civilization of the Americas and most of those of in Eurasia.  An emperor, regarded as the divine son of the Sun God, headed the government. Under him came the royal family, the aristocracy, imperial administrators, and lower nobility, and below them the masses of artisans, craftsmen, and farmers. DEMOCRATIZATION Lesson 4 DEMOCRATIZATION  Democratization is considered the peak of civilization's evolution.  Democratization is the building of political institutions, common interests, and new forms of legitimation. DEMOCRATIZATION  It is said that democracy is the highest human achievement in political development because it gives the people a collective voice in the art of governance. DEMOCRATIZATION  The idea of democracy originated in ancient Greece. It reached its climax when the polis or city state became autonomous, self-judging, and independent.  These three characteristics, according to the ancient historian Thucydides, make a city free. DEMOCRATIZATION  Corazon C. Aquino was the first female president of the Philippines. She restored democratic rule in the court after the EDSA People Power Revolution of 1986.