Fine Arts 215 History of Arts Final Exam Materials Fall 2024-2025 PDF

# Fine Arts 215– History of Arts ## Materials ### I- The Baroque Style In Western Europe - **Origin:** A French form of the Portuguese _barocco_, meaning an irregular, and therefore imperfect, pearl. - **Characteristics:** - Many details - Some symmetries - Strong perspective effects...

# Fine Arts 215– History of Arts ## Materials ### I- The Baroque Style In Western Europe - **Origin:** A French form of the Portuguese _barocco_, meaning an irregular, and therefore imperfect, pearl. - **Characteristics:** - Many details - Some symmetries - Strong perspective effects - Diagonal - Dramatic color, Gold Color Dominant - Dramatic light and dark (chiaroscuro and tenebrous) - Movement of figures (especially upwards) - Full of mirrors - Action ### 2- Architecture Italian: - **Premier architects:** Bernini and Borromini - **Premier projects:** Rebuilding of Saint. Peter's ### 3- Etching - An intaglio method of producing multiple images from a metal (usually copper) plate: - The artist covers the plate with a resinous acid-resistant substance. - A pointed metal instrument or stylus is then used to scratch through the ground and create an image on the plate. ### II- Rococo and the Eighteenth Century - **Characteristics:** - Ornate and made strong usage of creamy, pastellike colours, asymmetrical designs, curves and gold. - Unlike the more politically focused Baroque. - **Interior Decoration:** - Rococo rooms were designed as total works of art with elegant and ornate furniture, small sculptures, ornamental mirrors, and tapestry complementing architecture, reliefs, and wall paintings ## Sir William Chambers ( The Pagoda) - A fashion for Chinoiserie in English garden design in the mid 18th century. - Sir William Chambers was a keen advocate, using decorative buildings and intricate pathways as a reaction to the sweeping 'natural' lines of contemporaries such as Lancelot 'Capability' Brown. - The Pagoda was completed in 1762 and was not universally popular: - A ten-storey octagonal structure is 163 ft (nearly 50 m) high. - Purists argue that pagodas should always have an odd number of floors. - Kew's Pagoda tapers, with each successive floor from the first to the topmost being 1 ft (30 cm) less in diameter and height than the preceding one. ## Jean-Honoré Fragonard, The Swing (French: L'escarpolette), 1767 - The painting depicts a young man hidden in the bushes, watching a woman on a swing, being pushed by her elderly husband, almost hidden in the shadows, and unaware of the lover. - As the lady goes high on the swing, she lets the young man take a furtive peep under her dress; all while flicking her own shoe off in the direction of a Cupid and turning her back to two angelic cherubim on the side of her husband. ## III- Neoclassicism: The Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries - During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries in Western Europe, several artistic styles competed for primacy. - In France, the “True Style” later called the Neoclassical style, that was a reaction against Rococo levity. - French Baroque, had had a pronounced Classical flavor; from it Neoclassical style was evolved. That was adopted by the leaders of the French Revolution. - Neoclassical became the style most closely associated with the revolutionary movements of the period: - Associations with heroic subject of matter, Formal clarity, Impression of stability & solidity. ## Jacques-Louis David, Oath of Horatii, 1784-1785, oil on canvas, 11 x 14 ft. - Was commissioned by Louis 14th that aimed at the moral improvement of France. - Illustrates an event from Roman tradition in which honor and self- sacrifice prevailed. - They wear roman dress. - The scene takes place in a Roman architectural setting. - Horatius raises his sons' three swords. - Rectangular spaces composed of clear vertical & horizontal planes. - The gestures of the soldiers are vigorous & somewhat theatrical. - The women and child collapse at the right in a series of fluid, rhythmic curves. - **Include the sister of Horatii** ## IV- Romanticism : The Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries - **Painting, The most important artists in these century :** - William Blake - Theodore Gericault - Eugene Delacroix - John Constable - Joseph Mallard William Tuner ## • Theodore Gericault - Gericault interest in human psychology is evident in his studies of the insane, from 1822 to 1823. In these works he captured the mental disturbance of his subjects through pose and physiognomy. - Gericault loose brushstrokes create the textures of the woman's face, which is accentuated by light and framed by the ruffle of her cap. By the conscious organization of light and color, and the visibility of his brushwork. - The sweeping light-brown curve below the collar echoes the more tightly drawn curve of the months Reds around the eyes and mouth are repeated in the collar, and the white of the cap ruffle recurs in the small triangle of the white undergarment. ## V- Nineteenth-Century Realism - The nineteenth century was an age of revolution, Contemporary ideas about human rights, - Resulting conflicts between different classes of society. - Karl Marx and friedrich Engels published the most influential of all political tracts on behalf of workers. - Newspaper and magazines reported scientific discoveries also carried cartoons and caricatures also the Inventions such as the telegraph (1837) and telephone(1876) increased the speed in which news could be delivered. - Paralleling the more general social changes in the nineteenth century was the change in the social and economic structure of the art world that had begun in the previous century. - Its a style of art concerns of the realist movement in art were direct observation of society, nature, political and social satire ## Gustave Courbet "The Interior of my studio” - It is a real allegory summing up seven years of my life as an artist from 1848- 1855. - The seven year period begins with the February revolution of 1848. - The studio depicts Courbet's broad view of society on the hand and his relationship to the art of painting on the other. - This painting showed the society at its best, and its worse. - They consist mainly country folk and include laborers an old soldier with begging bag, a jew, a peddler, a fairground strongman and a woman sprawled on the ground. - On the floor are the paraphernalia, a dagger, a guitar, and a plumed hat. ## Lithography - Is a method for printing using a stone or a metal plate with a completely smooth surface - Invented in 1796 by Bavarian author Alois Senefelder as a cheap method of publishing theatrical works - Lithography originally used an image drawn in to an oily substance applied to a plate of lithographic stone as the medium to transfer ink to a blank paper sheet, and so produce a printed page ## Architecture - By and large, nineteenth-century architects were not quick to adopt iron and steel, both of which had been recently developed, as building materials. - Like the Crystal Palace, the Eiffel Tower in Paris was built as a temporary structure. - **Origins of the Skyscraper: Louis Sullivan** - By the second half of the 19th century, a new type of construction was needed to make more economical use of land. ## VI- Nineteenth-Century Impressionism - The Impressionist style evolved in Paris in the 1860 and continued into the early twentieth century. - Its a style of late 19th-century painting characterized chiefly by short brush strokes of bright colors in immediate juxtaposition to represent the effect of light on objects. - Its a style of literature that emphasizes mood and sensory impressions. - Its a style of musical composition in which subtle harmony, rhythm, and tonal color are used to evoke moods and impressions. - Impressionist painters preferred genre subjects, especially leisure activities, entertainment, landscape, and cityscape. Impressionism was also more influenced by Japanese prints and new developments in photography than by politics. ## • Painting in France - 1-Edouard Manet (His Bar at the Folies-Bergere) - 2-Pierre-Auguste Renoir (Renoir's Moulin de la Galette) - 3-Edgar Degas (Dancer with a Bouquet Bowing) - 4-Claude Monet (Impression Sunrise), (Terrace at Sainte-Adresse) (Bassin des Nympheas) (Rouen Cathedral West Façade Sunlight). ## Edouard Manet: Bar at the Folies-Bergere 1881-1882 - **His Bar at the Folies-Bergere**, he uses Impressionist color, light, and brush work. - By the device of the mirror in the background Manet simultaneously maintains a narrow space and expands it. - The mirror reflects the back of the barmaid, her customer, and the interior of the music hall, which is a front of her and behind the viewer. - • **Kinds of Light:** - 1st light: the bright oranges in the reflective glass bowl are the strongest color accent in the picture. - 2nd light: daubs of white paint create an impression of sparkling light, on the other hand, is the smoke that rises from the audience, blocking out part of the pilaster's edge and obstructing our view. This detail exemplifies the Impressionist observation of the effect of atmospheric pollution—a feature of the industrial era—on light, color, and form. - 3rd light: can be seen in the chandeliers, whose blurred outlines create a sense of movement. - In Manet's painting,the figures reflected in the mirror are blurred, indicating that the members of the audience are milling around. - The formal opposite of blurred edges—the sihouette—is also an important feature of the Impressionist style. In its purest form, a sihouette is a flat, precisely outlined image, black on white or vice versa, as in the black around the barmaid neck. ## French Sculpture Auguste Rodin 1892-97 - The plaster version of Rodin's Balzac demonstrates his interest in conveying the dynamic mental process of sculpture, rather than in the work. The great novelist looms upward like a specter wrapped in a white robe. ## VI- Post-Impressionism and the Late Nineteenth Century - Post-Impressionism was in nineteenth century. - They inspire their style from Impressionism. - They continued the Impressionism style by using bright color and visible, distinctive brushstrokes, and real life subject matter. - Later they emphasized geometric forms, using unnatural or arbitrary colors, and using the unusual visual angel. ## Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec - Toulouse was inspired by Degas. - His most characteristic imaginary on Parisian nightlife. - His works mostly about dance halls, night clubs, cafes, and bordellos.. - He was influenced by Japanese prints by using strong silhouettes to enrich it with texture areas. ## Vincent Van Gogh "Bed Room at Arles" - The artist existence is indicated by furnishing and clothing. - Only the portraits on the wall (self-portrait) contains human figure. - There are two chairs, two doors, two bottles on the table, double window, and single mirror. - Thus it is a psychological self-portrait, that record his effort to achieve fulfilling relationship. - Tension is reinforced by colors, in the red coverlet which is the only pure color. - Realsim had introduced a new social consciousness into the visual art. - Impressionism hade made artists and viewer alike aware of the expressive power of the medium. - Post-Impressionism explored various ways in which brushstrokes could enhance and construct images. - Symbolism took the Romantic interest in giving visual form to states of mind. ## Sunday Afternoon on the island of la Grande Jatte - He filled the space with solid iconic forms. - Human figure, animals, and trees are frozen in time and space. - Motion created formally, by contrast of colors, silhouettes, and repetition. - Seurat was called Neo-Impressionist and Pointillist of building up colors by dots of pure colors. - He called him self divisionism in contrast to Cezanne's outline. - Seurat divisionism was based on two theories: - It was that placing two side by side intensified the hue of each. - The eye causes contiguous to merge into their combined color which can be viewed by a distance or through closed eyes. - Seurat attention to details is apparent from the many studies he made. - The little monkey was subject for several studies. ## Georges Seurat Pointilism - **Good Luck** - Sunday Aftermoon on the Island of Grand Jatte, 1884-6-Seurat.