HOA 111 History of Architecture Module 2 PDF

HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 2 I. Module 1 Title : Pre-classical Architecture: West Asiatic and Egyptian Architecture Course Title : History of Architecture 1 Course Number : HOA 111 Course Description:...

HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 2 I. Module 1 Title : Pre-classical Architecture: West Asiatic and Egyptian Architecture Course Title : History of Architecture 1 Course Number : HOA 111 Course Description: Design Architectural manifestation of thoughts from the beginning of civilization to the Byzantine Period. Total Learning Time : 2 units = Lecture – 2 hour per week (2 hrs/wk) Pre-requisites : none II. Overview : This module will cover the Pre-classical Architecture, particularly the West Asiatic and Egyptian Architecture Period. III. Learning Outcomes: After completing this module, the students should be able to: 1. Describe and classify the definition, objectives, and principles that influences the history of Architecture in a certain place. 2. Relate, investigate, and reiterate the West Asiatic and Egyptian Period. 3. Recognize and criticize the architectural character of the West Asiatic and Egyptian. IV. Indicative Content: Topics Page A. Pre-Classical Architecture: West Asiatic Period - 2 1. Six Influencing Factors - 2 2. Architectural Character - 3 3. Characteristic Features - 4 4. Structures of Babylon - 6 5. Structures of Assyria - 6 6. Structures of Persia - 7 7. Comparative Analysis - 9 B. Pre-Classical Architecture: Egyptian Period - 10 8. Six Influencing Factors - 10 9. Architectural Character - 14 10. Tombs - 14 11. Temples - 15 12. Obelisks - 17 13. Sphinx - 18 14. Columns, Capitals and Mouldings - 21 ```ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 1 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 2 V. Discussion: A. Pre-Classical Architecture: West Asiatic Period- 4000 BC- 4TH Century 1 – Six Influencing Factors Geographical Religion Geological Historical Climatic Social and Political 1.1 Geographical West Asiatic Architecture flourished & developed in the Twin Rivers “Tigris & Euphrates” also known as “Mesopotamia” and refers to Persia, Assyria & Babylon. Through North Syria to the head of the Persian Gulf Stretches the zone of grasslands, steppes, piedmont country and alluvial river plains, marshlands with few natural advantages aside from water and soil, termed as Fertile Crescent; and for 2,400 km(1,500 miles from West to East extends a chain of mountains and Plateau. Deserts of the Arabian Peninsula. The fertile plains of twin river, Tigris and Euphrates were given the name of Mesopotamia, from the Greek word, mesos which means ‘middle’ and potamos which means ‘river’. 1.2 Geological Due to floods & heavy rains, it resulted in the conversion of its earthen into clay to produce “bricks” in Assyria and Babylon, due to rare experience of rain in Persia, they use timber and colored limestone. Only materials readily available was clay, soil, reeds, rushes; Bricks made of mud and chopped straw, sun-dried or kiln-fired. Materials such as timber, copper, tin, lead gold, silver were imported. 1.3 Climatic Mesopotamia experience floods and heavy rains which have resulted in the building of “Ziggurats “in Persia, they have dry & hot climate w/c resulted in building open-type temples. 1.4 Religion ```ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 2 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 2 Mesopotamians were superstitious, believers of symbolism, genies, and demons. Persians were believers of good and evil. Each city-state worshipped their own god for protection and people aimed to make peace with their wrathful god. They believe that good usually triumphs in the end. 1.5 Historical Started as villages on the flat land between Tigris and Euphrates rivers - “Mesopotamia” which then turned into city-states with populations of thousands. Each city-state was surrounded by a wall and dominated by a large temple. Society were composed of kings, craftsmen, soldiers, farmers, priests. Nearby states fought and traded with each other, sometimes would conquer each other and form an empire. Mesopotamian (Babylon) Period Assyrian Period Persian Period MESOPOTAMIAN (BABYLON) PERIOD: 2000-1600 BC At 2334 BC, King Sargon of Agade formed the first major empire and by 1792 BC was ruled by King Hammurabi. They instituted laws for peace and order. Writing was invented using pictograms or cuneiform records on clay tablets. ASSYRIAN PERIOD: 900-700 BC Based in Ashur, it was then the biggest empire under King Ashurbanipal. He conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt. PERSIAN PERIOD: 500-331 BC Begun by Cyrus the Great from 559 to 529 BC, the Persian Capital covered Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Eastern Mediterranean, Bactria, Indus Valley and North Africa. Under the ruling of Darius I, many provinces were ruled by a satrap, who guarded the roads, collected taxes and controlled the army. Local peoples were allowed to keep their religions and customs, and the Capital moved from Susa, to Persepolis which created network of roads linking the royal court to other parts of the empire – from Susa in Persia to Sardis in Anatolia. They traded raw materials such as carpets and spices. Emperors Darius and Xerxes tried to conquer Greece yet ended with the defeat of Darius III to Alexander the Great of Macedonia. 1.6 Social and Political Babylonians among the three were considered extraordinary because they achieved highest degree of civilization. Assyrian and Persian believe in military superiority thus manifested in their buildings. 2 – Architectural Character Massiveness Monumentality Grandeur 3 – Characteristic Features ```ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 3 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 2 3.1 Persian Architecture Columnar and Trabeated with flat timber roof sometimes domed. 3.2 Babylonian and Assyrian Architecture Arcuated type of construction; Arch, vault and flat strips, buttresses w/ glazed tile adornment. 4 – Structures of Babylon The last great Mesopotamian city-empire of the ancient age. Architecture characterized by mud-brick construction, had walls articulated by pilasters and recesses, sometimes faced with burnt and glazed brick. Palaces and temples were decorated with enameled brick friezes of bulls and lions. 4.1 Ziggurat Ziggurats are stepped structures constructed with outside staircases and a temple or shrine at the top for worshipping the gods of nature. Ziggurats were built of mud bricks made of dirt mixed with water and straw. The mud was poured into wooden molds and left to dry in the sun (or baked in kilns). Its four corners were oriented towards the cardinal points. Priests conduct ceremonies at the fire altar on top. There are three types of Ziggurats: Archaic Ziggurat – usually have one flat top rectangular mound carrying the upper temple. Two or three-staged Ziggurat – rectangular in plan, designed with several tiers or stages. Located in Tell el-Muqayyar, Iraq. The Ziggurat of Ur is dedicated to the moon god, Su’en and built by the Sumerian ruler, Ur Nammu, and his successors around 2125 B.C. It measured 700 ft. round ```ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 4 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 2 the base, and a triple staircase climbed 80 ft. ·to the summit. The core of the Ziggurat, most of which still stand today, was a solid mound of mudbricks. Seven Stages Ziggurat The Tower of Babel As described in the Bible, this structure may have been built in Babylon around 600 B.C. by King Nebuchadnezzar II to “rival heaven.” Herodotus recorded that the ziggurat had 7 tiers covered in glazed tiles. The tower may have risen to a height of 300 feet and may have been used as a temple for worshipping Marduk, the god of the city of Babylon. 4.2 City of Babylon- composed of towers and 100 bronze gates Ishtar Gate Reconstructed. Pergamon Museum, Berlin The Ishtar Gate was constructed by the Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II circa 575 BCE. It was the eighth gate of the city of Babylon (in present day Iraq) and was the main entrance into the city. The Ishtar Gate was part of Nebuchadnezzar's plan to beautify his empire's capital and during the first half of the 6th century BCE, he also restored the temple of Marduk and built the renowned wonder: the Hanging Gardens as part of this plan. The magnificence of the Ishtar Gate was so well known that it made the initial list of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The Ishtar Gate is named so, because it was dedicated to the Babylonian goddess Ishtar, although Nebuchadnezzar pays homage to other Babylonian deities through various animal representations. The animals represented on the gate are young bulls (aurochs), lions, and dragons (sirrush). These animals ```ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 5 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 2 are symbolic representations of certain deities: lions are often associated with Ishtar, bulls with Adad, and dragons with Marduk. Respectively, Ishtar was a goddess of fertility, love, war, and sex, Adad was a weather god, and Marduk was the chief or national god of Babylon. The front of the gate is adorned with glazed bricks with alternating rows of dragons and bulls. The beasts are furnished in yellow and brown tiles, while the bricks surrounding them are blue. The blue enameled tiles are thought to be of lapis lazuli, but there is some debate to this conjecture. The gates measured more than 38 feet (11.5 m) high with a vast antechamber on the southern side. 5 – Structures of Assyria Palaces took precedence over religious buildings. Architecture was characterized by mud-brick buildings. Stone was used for carved monumental decorative sculptures. External walls were plainly treated but ornamented with carved relief sculpture or with polychrome bricks. Interior courts were all large and filled with columns. 5.1 Palace of Sargon, Khorsabad Located in Dur Sharukkin- then Capital city of Assyria, now known as the City of Khorsabad, entrance portals of the palace flanked with status of headed winged bulls & lions and contains 700 rooms. Dur Sharukkin is a squarish parallelogram city, with the palace, temples, and government buildings compressed within the walls. ```ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 6 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 2 Parts of an Assyrian Palace: a) Seraglio – palace proper w/c includes the king’s residence, men’s apartment and reception courts. b) Harem – a private chamber, usually designed w/ a private family apartments or women’s quarter. c) Khan - service chambers. 6 – Structures of Persia 6.1 Palace Flatform at Persopolis Darius designed his own capital city, Persepolis— “the city of the Persians,” as the Greeks called it and is located 10 kilometers to the southwest and closer to the fertile lands along the coast. The Palace Platform, Persopolis occupies 1500 and 1000 ft. & is elevated 40 ft. It contains the following: a.) Palace of Darius b.) Palace of Xerxes c.) Hypostyle Hall of Xerxes d.) Halls of Hundreds columns e.) Propylaea – entrance to hall design by Xerxes ```ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 7 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 2 Hall of Hundred Columns, Persepolis The construction of the Hall of Hundred Columns at Persepolis was started by the Achaemenid king Xerxes and was finished by his son and successor Artaxerxes I. This throne hall was Persepolis' second largest building, measuring 68.50 x 68.50 meters. Its function was changed for a moment and it became a store room, probably because the Treasury had become too small to contain all treasures that had been hoarded in Persepolis. A new function may have been envisioned, suggesting that the Hall of Hundred Columns might have also been used for audiences. ```ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 8 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 2 7 – Comparative Analysis ```ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 9 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 2 B. Pre-Classical Architecture: Egyptian Period- 5000 BC to 1ST Century AD 8 – Six Influencing Factors 8.1 Geographical Egypt, also known as “The Land of Pharaoh” and “Desert Land”, consists of a narrow strip of fertile, alluvial soil along both banks of the Nile, flanked by shelves of barren land and rugged cliffs, beyond which lie arid, desert, plateau. The Nile was a trade route to Eastern and Western foreign trade and because of its overflowing and fertilizing waters made desert sands into fruitful fields. On its banks therefore, the Egyptians sited their villages and cemeteries Egypt’s possession of the Nile was of immense advantage, not only on account of its value as a trade route, and as a means of communication, but also because its waters were the fertilizing agents that made desert sands into fruitful fields. The “Nile River” is their means of communication, highway, and lifeline. Egypt’s greatest wealth was its fertile “soil”. 8.2 Geological Stone is abundant in Egypt in quantity and variety. This were used in buildings and for vases and personal ornaments as the country was poor in metals. However, copper is gained chiefly from the Sinai Peninsula. Tin was imported for the making of bronze. For building, the chief kinds of stone were limestone, sandstone and alabaster and hardstone such as granite, quartzite and basalt. It is partly owing to the durable nature of these building materials that so many monuments still exist. ```ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 10 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 2 Houses, palaces were constructed of large, sun-dried bricks. There were very little building timber, but the indigenous date palm, was sometimes used; in logs, for roofing. Cedar and other woods were imported. Palm leaves, reeds and rushes used to frame or reinforce mudbrick constructions, or as mats for such as panels, partitions, and fences, had a great and permanent influence on the form and character of stone architecture. Stone – abundant building material except on temples & pyramids a) Soft stone – limestone, sandstone, alabaster. b) Hard stone – granite, quartzite, basalt Sun Dried Bricks – made up of clay & chopped stone for pyramids & temples. Date Palm Lumber– for roofing Palm Leaves – for roofing materials. Acacia Lumber– for their boat Sycamore Lumber – mummy cases 8.3 Climatic Egypt has only two seasons. Spring and summer. The climate is warm; snow is unknown, rain is rare and thus contributed to the preservation of buildings. Simplicity of design is conducted by the brilliant sunshine; for as sufficient light reached the interior of temples through doors and roof slits, there was no real need for windows and thus unbroken massive walls not only protected the interior from the fierce heat of the sun, but also provided an uninterrupted surface for Hieroglyphics or pictorial representation of religious ritual, historic events and daily pursuits. Roof was not an important consideration, and flat roofs of stone slabs sufficed to cover the buildings and exclude the heat. Structures have no downspout, drainage and gutters due to absence of rain. No windows to cut heat penetration and due to sandstorm. 8.4 Religion The religious rites of the Egyptians were traditional, virtually unchangeable, and mysterious, and these traits are reproduced in the architecture, both of tombs and temples. The religion was monotheistic in theory, but polytheistic in practice through the cult of many gods representing natural phenomena and the heavenly bodies, such as the sun, moon and stars, and by the worship of animals as personifications of gods. ```ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 11 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 2 The keynote of the Egyptian religion was that of awe and submission to the great power represented by the sun, while the chief worship was for Osiris, the man-god, who died and rose again, the god of death, and through death of resurrection to eternal life. After death, a person’s soul went on to enjoy eternal life in kingdom of the God Osiris: imagined this kingdom as a perfect version of Egypt. Pharaohs were buried, bringing with them the things they might need in the afterlife, even living people, having a fine burial, embalmment and funeral rites, and a permanent tomb or "eternal dwelling". Dead body had to be preserved to house the spirit i.e. mummification through removing the insides, dry out the body, filled with linen, masked, and bandaged. The outstanding feature of the religion of the Egyptians was their strong belief in a future state, hence the erection of such everlasting monuments as pyramids for the preservation of the dead. The dwelling house was regarded as a temporary lodging, and the tomb as the permanent abode. This religious attitude is typified in the two predominant types of buildings, the solemn and mysterious temples of the gods and the enduring pyramids of the early kings. 8.5 Historical The Egyptian civilization is among the most ancient social and industrial conditions. Egypt was largely determined by the inflexible rule of an omnipotent government, which, while employing large staff of trained craftsmen continuously and vast armies of laborers for the erection of monumental buildings. When the annual floods made agriculture impossible, prisoners of war were also turned on to the. same work. 30 DYNASTIES – started from 3rd Millennium B.C. to Roman Period. Egypt was part of Persian Empire for 2 Centuries, before the invasion of “Alexander the Great”. Ancient Kingdom (1st – 10th Dynasty) Development of two types of tombs: a.) Mastaba b.) Pyramid Middle Kingdom (11th – 17th Dynasty) Important Personalities: a.) Mentuhetep II– developed the 3rd type of tomb “Rock–cut Tomb”. ```ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 12 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 2 b.) Senusrets – erected the earliest known “Obelisk” @ Heliopolis. c.) Amenemhat I – founded “Great Temple of “Ammon Kharnak”- grandest of all temples New Empire (18th – 30th Dynasty) Important Personalities: a.) Thotmes I- began the additions to the Temple of AMMON, Kharnak. b.) Hatshepsut – queen of Egypt, famous for her funerary temple @ Mt.Der-El-Bahari. c.) Thotmes 1V –the one responsible for the cleaning away of sand fr. the “Sphinx” d.) Amenophis III – erected the “Colossi of Memnon”,one of the wonders of the world. e.) Rameses I – began the construction of the “Great Hypostyle Hall”, @ Kharnak f.) Rameses II – finished the construction of the “Hypostyle Hall” The Ptolemaic Period Important Personalities: a.) Ptolemy II – built the Pharaohs or the “Light House”. b.) Ptolemy III – founded the “Greatest Serapeum” at Alexandria. 8.6 Social and Political Craftsmanship was very highly developed, particularly in royal workshops, and the Egyptians attained great skill in weaving, glass blowing, pottery-turning, metal-working and in making musical instruments, jewelry and furniture. The pursuit of learning astronomy, mathematics and philosophy was continuously carried on, especially by the priests. The. Kings of ancient Egypt are known as pharaohs, sometimes they appear as gods and demi-gods, often as mystery priests, generally as builders, but rarely as fathers of their people. Monarchy – form of government; Pharaoh – King of Egypt ruler, highest priest in Egypt Son of Pharaoh – normal successor to the throne Vizier – King’s most powerful official Chancellor- he controls the royal treasuries, granaries, & supervises the census Chief Steward- in charge of the King’s personal estate & household. Social Ranks: o Noble Families- Royal Throne with his family o Soldiers, Viziers, Chancellors, Chief Stewards – Next to Leaders o Fishermen, Farmers, Craftsmen, Merchants - Ordinary Egyptians o Slaves- lowest form ```ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 13 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 2 9 – Architectural Character Simplicity Solidity or Massiveness Monumentality Systems of Construction: Post and Lintel (Columnar or Trabeated) Features of Egyptian Architecture: Batter wall- inclination from base to top of the façade, Diminishing in width towards the top for stability. Hieroglyphics- use as ornaments, pictures & writings from the walls. 10 – Tombs Mastaba Rock Cut or Rock Hewn Tomb Pyramid 10.1 Mastaba ```ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 14 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 2 First type of Egyptian Tomb. A mastaba is a tomb for the nobility or members of the royal family. Made of mud brick, rectangular in plan with a flat roof and sloping sides, from which a shaft leads to underground burial and offering chambers. Since the ancient Egyptians believed so strongly in an after-life, they did their utmost, each according to his means, to build lasting tombs, to preserve the body and to bury with it the finest commodities that might be needed for the sustenance and eternal enjoyment of the deceased. As early as the first Dynasty, bands of linen were used to wrap round the limbs of the body to aid its preservation. Stele is the upright stone slab containing the name of the dead found in the mastaba Three Important Parts of a Mastaba: 1. Outer Chamber- where offerings were placed 2. Serdab – inner chamber containing the statues of the deceased member of the family 3. Sarcophagus – chamber containing the “coffin” reached by an underground shaft. e.g. Mastaba of Thi – (Thi is a royal architect, superintendent of pyramids in Egypt). 10.2 Pyramid Step Pyramid Slope Pyramid Bent Pyramid Step Pyramid A pyramid-type whose sides are stepped with tiers rather than smooth, in Egypt predating the true pyramids; the primary existing Egyptian example is that of King Djoser at Saqqara, south of Cairo. ```ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 15 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 2 Bent Pyramid An Egyptian pyramid-type in which each triangular planar surface changes direction as it approaches the top, as in a mansard roof; sometimes also called a blunt or false pyramid. Sloped Pyramid An Egyptian pyramid-type in which four sloping triangular sides, with a fixed angle, culminate at an apex. Also, true or straight pyramid. ```ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 16 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 2 10.3 Rock Cut or Rock Hewn Tomb A tomb hewn out of native rock, presenting only an architectural front with dark interior chambers, of which the sections are supported by masses of stone left in the form of solid pillars. 11 – Temples - sanctuaries that only Kings and Priests can penetrate. Mortuary Temple Cult Temple ```ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 17 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 2 Mortuary Temples In ancient Egyptian architecture, a place of worship of a deceased king or queen, especially one adjoining a pyramid or rock cut tomb, in which offerings of food and objects were made; also called a funerary temple. Cult Temples An ancient Egyptian temple for the worship of a deity. The Great Hypostyle Hall is located within the Karnak temple complex, in the Precinct of Amon-Re. It is one of the most visited monuments of Ancient Egypt. The structure was built around the 19th Egyptian Dynasty. ```ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 18 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 2 12 – Obelisks An Egyptian monolithic four-sided standing stone, tapering to a pyramidical cap (a pyramidion), often inscribed with hieroglyphs and erected as a monument. The obelisks, originating in the sacred symbo1 of the sun god Heliopolis, and which usually stood in pairs astride temple entrances, are huge monoliths square on plan and tapering to an electrum-capped pyramidion at the summit, which was the sacred part. They have a height of nine or ten times the diameter at the base, and the four sides are cut with hieroglyphics. 13 – Sphinx A figure of an imaginary creature having the body of a lion and the head of a man, ram, or hawk. ```ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 19 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 2 14– Columns, Capitals and Mouldings ```ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 20 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 2 VI. Additional Reading/Videos: Ancient Mesopotamia 101| National Geographic: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xVf5kZA0HtQ The Ancient Summerians: The Ziggurat of Ur: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sIGOFlFoCLc Ancient Monuments of Egypt: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dtw2vfKihXA ```ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 21 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 2 What Did Ancient Egypt Looks Like: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omajagaozk0 VII. Exercises/Drills: Plate 1 – The Ishtar Gate of Babylon: Colored Pencils on A4 (50 points) Sketch and illustrate the Ishtar Gate and write an overview. Plate 2 – The Pyramids of Egypt: Colored Pencils on A3 (60 points) Sketch and illustrate the Step, Bent and Sloped Pyramid and write an overview. Plate 3 – Egyptian Columns and Capitals: Pen and Ink on A3 (100 points) Sketch and illustrate 5 examples of Egyptian Columns and Capitals and identify. VIII. Evaluation: On the Spot Graded Recitation Students to participate in Q&A and discuss their understanding about West Asiatic and Egyptian Architecture, their most favored of the early known types of Architecture and conclusion about the architectural style. IX. References: A. Books George S. Salvan, Architectural Character and History of Architecture Fletcher, Sir Banister, A History of Architecture (latest ed.) Prepared by: AR. VANE IRISH A. ESCARO, uap HOA 111 Course Facilitator Recommending Approval: AR. PETER JOHN D. FANTINALGO, uap Program Chair, BS Archi Approved by: ENGR. JOHN IKE A. UVAS OIC Dean, CEAT ```ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 22