HOA Reporting on Early 20th Century Architecture PDF

HOA REPORTING BEGINNING OF 20TH CENTURY PRESENTATION HOA REPORTING MEET OUR JAMES AARON OCAYA RICA ANGELA NIETO REPORTERS PAGE 02 SOFIA LOUISE PANTOJA YVONE SAMONTE HOA REPORTING EARLY MODERN ARCHITECTURE The la...

HOA REPORTING BEGINNING OF 20TH CENTURY PRESENTATION HOA REPORTING MEET OUR JAMES AARON OCAYA RICA ANGELA NIETO REPORTERS PAGE 02 SOFIA LOUISE PANTOJA YVONE SAMONTE HOA REPORTING EARLY MODERN ARCHITECTURE The late 19th to mid-20th century stands as a transformative period in the realm of architecture, marked by the emergence of Early Modern Architecture. This era took place during a time of major global changes, such as industrialization, urbanization, and social-political shifts, all of which profoundly influenced the way architects approached design. Early modern architecture embraced the idea that "ornamentation is a crime," favoring simplicity. PAGE 03  HOA REPORTING PAGE 04 The Modernist Movement in architecture had its beginnings with the development of democracy in MODERNIST both Europe and the United States in the 18th century, and the industrial revolution in the late 18th MOVEMENT to early 19th century. These events set in motion cultural forces that opened the way for the Modernist Movement, which was dedicated to the improvement of social conditions and the rejection of traditional styles and planning procedures. The Movement had its beginnings with architects in Holland, Austria, Germany and France, and soon found its way to America. HOA REPORTING INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The major technological, socioeconomic, and cultural change in the late 18th and early 19th century when the economy shifted from one based on manual labor to one dominated by machine manufacture. The Industrial Revolution brought about the widespread use of wrought iron, structural steel, and reinforced concrete. These materials revolutionized design, allowing for daring structural frameworks, sleek lines, and smooth or reflective surfaces. PAGE 05 HOA REPORTING INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The use of iron, and especially steel, in architecture significantly enhanced the structural potential of traditional materials and introduced new possibilities. Steel's remarkable strength relative to its weight enabled engineers to design larger, lighter, and more open spaces. The earliest major applications of steel were seen in public infrastructure projects, particularly in railroads and bridges, where its advantages were quickly realized. PAGE 06 HOA REPORTING PAGE 07 MODERNIST MOVEMENT In architecture, the modern movement was marked by design that embraced minimalism to the point of a complete rejection of ornamentation. The famous philosophy of “form follows function” was born from the modern movement. This describes an architecture that was based solely on what the function of the building or space was supposed to be. HOA REPORTING PAGE 08 MODERNIST MOVEMENT A key characteristic of modernism is nihilism, which involves rejecting religious and moral principles as a means to achieve social progress. They saw societal rules as restrictive forces that limited the human spirit. Modernism simplified architecture to basic forms like squares and rectangles, removing all ornamentation to focus purely on functionality. Seen as a "machine," modernist design rejected decorative elements, which were often tied to politics, religion, and cultural propaganda. The goal was to create a liberating, people- centered architecture, free from institutional grandeur. This shift, driven by socialist ideals, culminated in the 1930s.  HOA REPORTING PAGE 09 In the United States, modernism developed in two main directions: Humanist and Internationalist architecture. DEVELOPMENT The Humanist approach, rooted in American culture, OF MODERNISM focused on evoking emotional responses and respecting natural sites. Key figures included Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright, who emphasized harmony with the environment, using natural materials like wood and stone. The Internationalist approach, influenced by the Bauhaus School in Germany, aimed to fuse art, science, and industry. Architects like Walter Gropius and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe embraced minimalist designs, rejecting ornamentation and using materials like steel and glass to highlight a building's structure and function.  HOA REPORTING MODERNISM Rejecting ornament and embracing minimalism, Modernism became the single most important new style or philosophy of architecture and design of the 20th century. It was associated with an analytical approach to the function of buildings, a strictly rational use of (often new) materials, structural innovation and the elimination of ornament. It was also known as International Modernism or International Style, after an exhibition of modernist architecture in America in 1932 by the architect Philip Johnson, wherein he introduced a style that is known for it's simplified geometric forms and the absence of ornamentation. Johnson described it as, "probably the first truly original and widely adopted style since the Gothic.” The exhibition, along with its catalog, established the foundational principles of Modern architecture. PAGE 10  HOA REPORTING PAGE 11 MODERNISM The style became characterized by an emphasis on volume, asymmetrical compositions, and minimal ornamentation. In Britain, the term Modern Movement has been used to describe the rigorous modernist designs of the 1930s to the early 1960s. Walter Gropius and Le Corbusier were the pioneers of the movement, with the latter having a profound impact on the design of many public housing schemes in Britain. FORM FOLLOWS OPEN PLAN LESS IS MORE MODERNIST MATERIALS FUNCTION INTERIORS Modern materials: Asymmetrical compositions Minimal or no reinforced concrete, steel Light filled, open plan with the use of geometric ornamentation frames, curtain walls and interiors, with a feeling of forms, often with flat roofs. ribbon windows. spaciousness. HOA REPORTING PAGE 12 FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION coined by American architect Louis Sullivan, which suggests that the shape or design of a building should be a direct response to its functional requirements. Thus, aesthetics become secondary to achieving the best functional outcomes BORCELLE PAGE 11 WAINWRIGHT BUILDING Among the first skyscrapers built in the world, the Wainwright Building by Louis Sullivan and partner Dankmar Adler is regarded as an influential prototype of a modern office architecture. HOA REPORTING PAGE 13 LESS IS MORE coined by architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, basically means minimal or no ornamentation, with a tendency towards a white or a neutral palette. This philosophy translates into structures that are clean and functional, utilizing simple forms and materials to create aesthetically pleasing spaces HOA REPORTING PAGE 14 MODERNIST reinforced concrete steel frames curtain walls MATERIALS ribbon windows The Wainwright building is credited for being the first successful utilization of steel frame construction. The first two floors are faced in brown sandstone, the next seven stories rise in continuous brick piers. Terra cotta panels of ornate foliage relief's decorate the each floor. HOA REPORTING PAGE 15 OPEN PLAN INTERIORS Open plan interiors are characterized by the absence of floor-to-ceiling walls and doors, creating a seamless flow between multiple rooms within a single, contiguous space. This design concept enhances the feeling of spaciousness and promotes flexibility in how spaces are utilized, facilitating versatile living arrangements. Such configurations typically integrate common areas like kitchens, dining rooms, and living rooms into a unified environment.  BORCELLE PAGE 13 THE GLASS HOUSE The Glass House by Philip Johnson features an open floor plan with no internal walls, allowing for fluid movement and uninterrupted views. Its transparent glass walls create a seamless connection with the surrounding landscape, enhancing the sense of space and blending the interior with nature. HOA REPORTING PAGE 09 CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE HOA REPORTING PAGE 19 BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS 1. Relationship to the Outside Environment: Modern architecture emphasizes a connection to the natural environment, with large windows and open spaces. 2. Exposed Structural Elements: Steel columns, concrete block, and other structural elements are often left exposed to emphasize the building’s functional design. HOA REPORTING PAGE 19 BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS 3. Innovative Use of Space: Modern architects carefully plan and maximize the use of space, making it suitable for various functions and purposes 4. Focus on Natural Light: Large windows and open spaces allow for an abundance of natural light, which is a key characteristic of modern architecture. HOA REPORTING PAGE 19 BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS 5. Use of Rectilinear Forms: Rectangles are a common shape in modern architecture, as they are functional and efficient. 6. Connection to Nature: Modern architecture often incorporates large windows, sliding glass doors, and outdoor spaces to create a seamless connection between indoors and outdoors. HOA REPORTING PAGE 19 BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS 7. Walls of Glass and Large Windows: Abundant use of glass and large windows allows for natural light and a connection to the outdoors. 8. Open and Well-Defined Floor Plans: Modern architecture emphasizes open spaces and flowing floor plans, often with minimal separation between living areas. HOA REPORTING PAGE 19 BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS 9. Horizontal Massing and Flat Roofs: Modern homes often have low, horizontal profiles and flat roofs, emphasizing horizontal planes 10. Use of Modern Materials and Systems: Modern architecture incorporates innovative materials and systems, such as steel columns, concrete block, and radiant heating HOA REPORTING PAGE 19 BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS 11. Rejection of Ornamentation: Modern architecture rejects excessive decoration and ornamentation, focusing on functional simplicity. 12. Form Follows Function: The design of modern architecture is guided by the principle that form should follow function, prioritizing practicality over aesthetics HOA REPORTING PAGE 19 BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS 13. Symmetrical Designs: Modern architects often experiment with asymmetrical compositions, using clean lines and minimal ornamentation. 14. Clean and Minimal Lines: Modern architecture features sleek, smooth lines with minimal ornamentation. 15. Broad Roof Overhangs: Large, horizontal roof overhangs are a common feature of modern homes.  Arts and Crafts Movement 1 1862-1920 William Morris was a designer, writer, and social activist who was a central figure in the Arts and Crafts Movement. The Red House (1859), designed by Philip Webb and William Morris emphasizes traditional craftsmanship, natural materials, and a rejection of industrial design. Its asymmetrical layout, exposed red brickwork, and handcrafted interior elements reflect the movement’s ideals of Red House simplicity, functionality, and integration with nature. Bexleyheath, England William Morris  Art Nouveau 2 1890-1910 Art Nouveau is characterized by its organic, flowing lines, intricate floral and natural motifs, harmonious integration of decorative arts with architecture, the use of new materials like iron and glass, and an emphasis on craftsmanship and individuality over mass production. Victor Horta is known for his innovative use of organic forms, ironwork, and glass, which helped shape the movement's emphasis on flowing, nature-inspired designs. His buildings, such as the Hôtel Tassel in Hotel Tassel Brussels, exemplified the integration of structure and Brussels, Belgium decoration. Victor Horta  Chicago School 3 1970s-1980s The Chicago School is characterized by its use of steel- frame construction, large plate glass windows, flat roofs, and an emphasis on functionalism and simplicity, often incorporating minimalist ornamentation and innovative designs like the skyscraper to respond to urban density and the demands of modern life. Louis Sullivan was a pioneering American architect known as the "father of the skyscraper," who championed the use of steel-frame construction and functional design principles in architecture. Guaranty Building His Guaranty Building exemplifies his innovative approach Brussels, Belgium with its tall, slender form, intricate terra cotta ornamentation, and the famous phrase "form follows function," reflecting both aesthetic beauty and practical Louis Sullivan utility.  Praire School 4 1900-1915 Frank Lloyd Wright was a leading figure of the Prairie School, sought to create a distinctly American architectural identity. One of the most famous buildings designed by Frank Lloyd Wright as part of the Prairie School movement is the Robie House (1910) in Chicago, known for its distinctive horizontal lines, cantilevered roofs, and open interior spaces that seamlessly integrate with the surrounding Robie House landscape. Chicago Frank Lloyd Wright  5 Bauhaus 1919-1933 Bauhaus aimed to unify fine art with practical craftsmanship, making art accessible to all. The name was derived by inverting the German word Hausbau, meaning “building of a house.” Gropius advocated for collaboration among artists, architects, and craftsmen to produce cohesive and innovative designs that reflected modern life. Gropius is one of the directors of the Bauhaus, aside from Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe and Hannes Mayer. Bauhaus School The Bauhaus School building serves as advertisement for goods Dessau, Germany produced from the patent design of the Bauhaus students. The Bauhaus School came to an end when the Nazi Party censured. Walter Gropius 5 Bauhaus 1919-1933 A German-American architect, Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe is famous for his minimalist approach to architecture, coining the phrase "less is more." The Barcelona Pavilion is noted for its use of many luxurious materials—such as onyx and travertine—in conjunction with its simple form. The structure was designed as the Barcelona/German Pavilion for the 1929 Barcelona Pavillion International Exposition. It became a landmark and Spain masterpiece of modernist architecture. Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe  International Style 6 1920s-1970s It became the dominant architectural language for skyscrapers and office buildings. Rectilinear forms, large expanses of glass, steel frames, and open floor plans. Ornamentation is avoided in favor of sleek, minimal designs. An American architect and historian, Philip Johnson designed the minimalist Glass House, a masterpiece of transparency and integration with nature. He was the first The Glass House to win the prestigious Pritzker Architecture Prize in 1979, Connecticut, USA and he famously shifted from modernism to postmodernism during his career. Philip Johnson  7 De Stijl 1917-1931 De Stijl, meaning 'Style' was a modern art movement developed in the Netherlands in the early twentieth century. De Stijl principles includes its use of primary colors and geometric shapes to create harmony and order in design. Gerrit Rietveld promoted the idea that design should be accessible and that architecture could express social ideals. The Rietveld Schröder House is a seminal work of modern Rietveld Schröder House architecture and is often considered the embodiment of De Utrecht, Netherlands Stijl principles. Gerrit Rietveld  8 Art Deco 1919-1939 Art Deco is a style of ornament. This ornament is predominantly rectilinear, with geometrical curves playing a secondary role. The commonest motifs of all are fluting and reeding, chevrons or zigzags and various frets. William Van Alen was an American architect best known for designing the iconic Chrysler Building in New York City, one of the most recognizable landmarks of the Art Deco era. His innovative and daring design of the Chrysler Building Chrysler Building N.Y.C. helped define the style and aesthetic of early 20th-century skyscrapers. William Van Alen 9 Functionalism The term “functionalism“ refers to a novel approach where designer and architects were focusing on the purpose and usefulness of buildings: pioneers such as Le Corbusier followed a concept informed by reason and logic. Le Corbusier designed houses as machines for living - efficient, rational and functional, with a free plan, plenty of natural light and fresh air. Villa Savoye was the prototype for the house as a machine Villa Savoye for living, with its obsession with functionalism, rationalism Poissy, France and minimalism. Villa Savoye defied the prevailing convention of the time it was built, of the house relating to the landscape. Le Corbusier  10 Expressionism 1910-1925 Expressionism turned away from the objective and rational approach of functionalism, which was gaining popularity at the time. Erich Mendelsohn began by dealing with the machine age in an expressionist mode but was later forced to adapt modernism to geographic and technological circumstances different from those of Europe. Einstein Tower (1919-1921) is an iconic example of Einstein Tower Expressionist architecture, featuring a monolithic, Potsdam, Germany asymmetrical design inspired by Einstein’s theories Erich Mendelsohn  HOA REPORTING REFERENCES PAGE 37 ArchDaily. (2019). What is Brutalism? https://www.archdaily.com/912058/what-is-brutalism ArchDaily. (2020). What is Deconstructivism? https://www.archdaily.com/912137/what-is-deconstructivism Dima Stouhi. (2024). Are We Seeing the End of the Open Floor Plan? ArchDaily. https://www.archdaily.com/1008088/are-we-seeing-the-end-of-the-open-floor-planICON Magazine. (2022). Form follows function: Modernism’s guiding principles. freelanceonofficemagazine.com. https://www.iconeye.com/architecture/form-follows-function-modernisms-guiding-principles Maxon Design. (2024). *Modernism - What did Mies van der Rohe mean by. * https://maxondesign.com/blog/post/what-did-mies-van-der-rohe-mean-by-less-is-more/ The Art Story. (n.d.). De Stijl Movement Overview. https://www.theartstory.org/movement/de-stijl/ The Art Story. (n.d.). Functionalism Overview. https://www.theartstory.org/movement/functionalism/ The Architecture Foundation. (n.d.). What is Metabolism? https://www.architecturefoundation.org.uk/whats-on/what-is-metabolism The Museum of Modern Art. (n.d.). What is Minimalism? https://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/themes/minimalism The Royal Institute of British Architects. (n.d.). Expressionism in Architecture. https://www.architecture.com/knowledge-and-resources/knowledge-landing-page/expressionism-in-architecture Van Der Merwe, Nicola. (2023). How Did the Modern Movement Pave the Way for New Architectural Styles? The Collector. https://www.thecollector.com/modern-movement-new-architectural- styles/  SHORT QUIZ PAGE 38 FUNCTIONALITY LOUIS SULLIVAN MODERNIST MOVEMENT LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE CONNECTION TO NATURE 1. The ___________________________ was dedicated to the improvement of social conditions and the rejection of traditional styles and planning procedures. 2. Modernism simplified architecture to basic forms like squares and rectangles, removing all ornamentation STRATEGIC PLANNING to focus purely on ________________. Developing customized strategies to achieve business objectives. 3. Who coined the term "Form Follows Function" ? 4. He coined the term "Less is More" which basically means minimal or no ornamentation, with a tendency towards OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY a white or a neutral palette. 5. Modern architecture often incorporates large windows, sliding glass doors, and outdoor spaces to create a seamless connection between indoors and outdoors. WRITE THE ARCHITECTURAL STYLE: ART DECO 6 7 INTERNATIONAL STYLE PRAIRE SCHOOL CHICAGO SCHOOL EXPRESSIONISM 8 9 10